The Story of an Hour Reflection

A Reflection on â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Rose Rankin Shashonda Porter ENG 125 December 12th, 2011 A Reflection on â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Summary The short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin was written in 1894. In the beginning of the story, we discover that Mrs. Louise Mallard has a heart condition, but she is also said to be young. Which to me seemed odd, but I overlooked this detail so that I could continue the story. Mrs. Mallard’s sister Josephine and Mrs. Mallard’s husband friend Richard came to her house to break the news of the death of her husband in a railroad disaster. They tried to tell her the news gently, because of her condition. To them she seemed to react how a new widow should. She wept and collapsed in her sisters’ arms, before running to her room to be alone. This is where the story soon takes a turn. There in her room, she was actually crying because of happiness of the death rather than sadness. Her sister thinks Mrs. Mallard is making herself sick. In the final paragraphs, Mrs. Mallard leaves her bedroom, when her husband walks into the front door, Mrs. Mallard than passes away at the sight of her husband. Structure/ Key Terms The Story of an Hour† was told in the 3rd person point of view, which enables the readers to have a better view and understanding of the story. I noticed Kate Chopin used quite a bit of symbolism in the story as well. For instance, Mrs. Mallard welcomes the new spring life through the window of her room. This symbolizes a new beginning of her new life without her husband. The tone is ironically relief and joy, despite the news of death. One would think that sadness and instability would be the tone. However, Chopin uses specific language and details to portray otherwise. My thoughts of the story â€Å"†¦the present story is not only brief and clear but also compelling and complex, and it easily lends itself to a variety of critical approaches† (R. C. Evans, 2001). This story was very captivating. I was able to use my imagination to see the characters in full form. Kate Chopin, author of the story went into great detail to portray the setting in the story as well as the tone. At first glance, I thought the tone set for this story was sad and depressing. But I soon realized it was more of relief and happiness. I couldn’t help but to be swept away to this time period and feel as if I were witnessing the situation first hand. At first I couldn’t help but to feel a sense of sadness for Louise Mallard. I mean she had just lost her husband. But I soon realized when she fled to her room, that I felt relieved with her. I felt the empowerment with Louise Mallard. Kate Chopin goes into great detail describing the feeling and emotions that come over Mrs. Mallard after she escapes to her room. Chopin describes the scenery outside of Mrs. Mallard’s window to be spring in full bloom. These details provide a look at Mrs. Mallard’s new life without her husband. She was relieved that he had passed away. She was â€Å"free, free, free! † (Clugston, 2010, Chopin, 1894). Later, Chopin goes into more detail on how Mrs. Mallard is feeling, in the following paragraphs. â€Å"But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. †¦. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow–creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Free! Body and soul free! † she kept whispering† (Clugston, 2010, Chopin, 1894). As Mrs. Mallard returns downstairs her husband enters the room, Mrs. Mallard quickly passes away. I can’t help to question the reasoning behind her death. Was it the surprise of her husband’s return that made her heart to stop beating? Or was it more on the lines of she won’t receive this new bound freedom she was dreaming of that caused her heart to fail? I can’t help but to think it was her freedom suddenly disappearing that ended her life at a young age. I recently read a chapter from a source provided. It lists students’ perspective on certain points in the story. Students were asked to analyze the following statement as a reader-response critic â€Å"She said it over and over under her breath: free! Free! Free! † (Clugston, 2010, Chopin, 1894). Barbara Larson (a student from Auburn University) states breaks down each piece of the statement. She says â€Å"The words ‘under her breath’ might also encourage the reader to feel an intimacy with Louise and thus regard her sympathetically, since the reader is allowed to share a very personal moment. Likewise, by placing exclamation marks after each use of ‘free,’ Chopin may be encouraging the reader to chare Louise’s excitement about this new-found liberty (B. Larson, R. C. Evans, 2001). Larson’s statement describes my feeling towards this statement exactly. After reading the statement I felt a connection with Mrs. Mallard in a sense of I have experienced the feeling of freedom. Not that a past love passed away, more like a past love finally released me from the grasp I felt around my neck when I was with him. I felt a connection with Mrs. Mallard at that very point in the story. References * R. W. Clugston (2010) Journey to Literature Retrieved from: https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2 * R. C. Evans (2001) Close Readings: Analysis of Short Fiction from Multiple Perspectives by Students of Auburn University Montgomery Retrieved from: http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10015376&p00=kate%20chopin

The Scarlet Letter: Hester’s Secrets Cause Harm

The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, follows the story of Hester Prynne and her dealings with a nasty love triangle and life with the sin of adultery. Hawthorne also outlines the consequences of keeping secrets and the effects it may have on the lives of oneself and others. In this novel, Hester keeps many destructive secrets that harm more than herself and some that she should have shared before it got too late. Hester most likely believed that her secrets harmed herself and spared others pain as long as they were hers and hers alone.However, Hester’s secrets harmed many more people, including her lover Dimmesdale and her husband Chillingworth. Her secrets hurt Dimmesdale the most. When she shared that her husband was Chillingworth, he seemed almost heartbroken at the fact that she would hide such an important piece of information from him. Dimmesdale was also hurt in many ways when she withheld the identity of the father of Pearl from the community, such as ha rming himself to deal with the fact he did not come forth at court.In fact, this very act also resulted in the harm of Chillingworth. He vowed revenge because he did not know who the baby’s father was, which sent him and his health in a downward spiral. Her acts in holding these secrets were destructive in the community as well, not just harmful to a few people. The community as a whole had to deal with the shame of having an adulteress within its jurisdiction and many people were disgusted with the idea of it in the first place.To make matters worse, her secrets caused the downfall of the local minister and doctor, both of which were very esteemed. Her secrets caused Dimmesdale’s aforementioned self harm and Chillingworth’s spite towards him, which when combined sent his health downwards very quickly. He, also sharing the secret, eventually collapsed under the pressure and, in his last sermon, died. Chillingworth died as well because he had spent so much of his time and energy being evil that it impacted his health negatively, which did not mix well with his age.Now the town’s beloved doctor and minister were dead and much of the community was, understandably, distraught. These problems were caused by Hester’s secrets and could have been completely prevented if she shared them with the right people at the right times. She was right to not reveal the identity of her lover in court, as it saved Dimmesdale’s life, but she should have shared with him the identity of her husband.If she had done this right away, Dimmesdale could have avoided Chillingworth completely and not been unaware to the harm that was being done by the doctor. This may have also increased the chances that Chillingworth would remain oblivious to who Dimmesdale really was since their time together would have been severely reduced. Hester should have also shared with Pearl who Dimmesdale really was earlier on to help her understand more about her life an d their strange relationship.Perhaps Pearl could have grown up with Dimmesdale as her father after they retreated to another city, had a more normal childhood. Ultimately, Hester’s secrets harmed many. They were destructive and reckless and perhaps she should have shared some of them in a better fashion at better times. It was these secrets that caused much pain, as they do in many circumstances in life. This may have been one thing Hawthorne was trying to portray in his novel, that secrets hurt more than those who keep them.

Should individuals be allowed to sell their organs on the open market Research Paper

Should individuals be allowed to sell their organs on the open market in the U.S - Research Paper Example Those improvements would increase the number of lives saved. Putting a social priority in place and imposing regulations that require donation when possible will help to increase the number of patients saved by organ donation. In addition, opening the avenue of commerce for body part sales from live donors will allow for more lives to be saved when the social concept that it is unethical is removed. The integrity of the medical community is one of the primary concerns in the idea of making medical care subject to commerce. However, the United States already limits health care to those who can afford it. Therefore, selling organs in an open, but controlled market is not against the ethics of the medical community and will allow for more patients to receive the treatment that they need in order to promote longer, healthier lives. Organ transplants: Selling body parts for profit Organ transplants depend upon donations from the loved ones of people who have died or the loved ones of thos e who need an organ that can be taken from a live donor with still preserving that life. Blood can be donated in bulk along with plasma. Sometimes blood banks pay for donations of blood. However, selling organs is strictly forbidden, thus contributing to a burdened system that has long lists of people in need of transplants. When discussing the sale of organs, the issues that prevent this from occurring are based upon ethical standards of practice. These ethics are put into place for a reason; however, framing the issue differently might provide an ethical way in which to encourage more available organs while still preserving the integrity of the medical industry. Examining the topic of organ donation requires studying health behaviors. Health is a social issue, the ways in which health issues managed part of a social construction of behaviors in which medical personnel and patients interact towards defining the experience of illness and disease (Siegel and Alvaro 4). While the medi cal science provides treatments for health issues, society creates structures for administering those treatments. The frustration that many patients have is that there is treatment available, but the necessary components needed, whether that be federal laws, money, or medical materials, are not available. At this point, the social system reveals one of its flaws. In the case of organ donation, the lists are much longer than the availability of the required organs. Thus, the drive for organ donation becomes vital in providing the quantity of organs needed to save those that are suffering from various diseases. When considering all types of transplants, including tissue transplants, the chances of a person needing some form is one in two people (Institute of Medicine Committee on Rates of Organ Donation, 2006, p. 293). According to UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) (2011), the total number of people who are active on the organ transplant list is 72,260 with 110,624 total on the list as of 2:07pm on April 1, 2011. The difference is caused by those who are on the list, but who are inactive because they have become medically ineligible, either temporarily or permanently. From January to December of 2010, there were 28,664 transplants from 14,506 donors (UNOS). This difference reveals a disparity between the number of available organs to the actual need. In Africa, Asia, Europe and South America, the commercialization of organ transplants occurs, with renal transplants being one of the more commonly sold form of

American History- American Revolution & Revolutionary War Essay

American History- American Revolution & Revolutionary War - Essay Example The colonists’ difference led to political instability in America (Nardo 65). In 1776s, George Washington was in command of the military forces that led America achieve its independence. Although George Washington’s army had no experience in war and were poorly supplied with weapons, they got support from the France army. Furthermore, America revolution was caused by the relegation of people by the colonists in regards to their social status. In America, there were African Americans, women and Indians and the war changed their social status. Before the revolution, Americas’ traditional social relationships had been interfered with by the colonists (Tindall and Shi 220-224). Because Revolutionary war was more than a simple war for independence, it also became an engine for political experimentation and social change. The war unleashed the social forces that helped in reshaping the fabric of American culture. America came up with different roles that the women, African Americans, and Native Americans could play in their new state. Nardo (65-66) states that during the 1790s, federalists that were led by Alexander Hamilton, and Republicans that were led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison debated about the political and economic future of the nation. Therefore, in 1800, Jefferson was elected the president and the Republicans became famous in national politics and that is why they headed the state for a quarter century (Nardo 67). According to Poulakida (101-102), after winning their war of independence, Americans underwent a political revolution. Revolution was both in the Americans minds and hearts and as a result it changed the principles, opinions, sentiments and affection of the American people. The revolutionary war began a debate about the new kind of government to be formed, and that would serve the people of America Republic. Major events took place during the revolutionary war (Nardo 68). One of the events was Republic ideology.

William Faulkner correlated with his Light in August Essay

William Faulkner correlated with his Light in August - Essay Example The story "Light in August" was first named by Faulkner as the "Dark House" and was officially published on October 9, 1932. It is considered that the origin of the "Dark House" was due to the frustration Faulkner felt within himself after the death of his beloved daughter; nothing stopped Faulkner from going wild because of her daughter's death. It was Faulkner's depression that his creation of "Joe Christmas" revolves around identity framed provocatively in terms of displaced persons in a culture that set an exceedingly high premium upon everyone having a place and staying in it according to race, sex, and class. Joe Christmas was a child born of a white mother but who could never know his race because no one really knew whether his father was black or white. In the end Joe Christmas was sacrificed, and his death represents something of compensation for the social sins of others. One feels that he found his place in dying for their salvation, as he always remained skeptical about his identity. (Williamson, 1993). Faulkner portrays a white man whose "black blood" has in effect been imposed on him by external forces. Nothing in Joe's appearance indicates that he is anything but white, to the point where he is able throughout the novel to move easily in white society without anyone suspecting him as black. Even at the barbershop where he is given close attention to his face and hair, possessing all physical signs of Negro origins, easily detectable, no one recognizes him as the "nigger murderer" carrying a price on his head. Despite of having physical features of a nigger, people don't consider and accept him as a nigger of that town and it often happens that Joe is referred to as "Joe, the white nigger" an obvious oxymoron in the 1930s South. In Robert Penn Warren's words, "Faulkner here undercuts the official history and mythology of a whole society by indicating that the 'nigger' is a creation of the white man." (Singal J., 1997) Joe, the son of a sinful Southern white girl and a carnival dark man, possibly a Mexican considers his father to be partially black, or he might not have been black at all. The crucial factor was that neither Joe nor anyone else could ever know with certainty whether he was black or white in a society in which everything began with that definition. Faulkner has created Joe Christmas as a hostile vagrant, a person who remains unsure of him and who tries to find out his racial identity. Faulkner has made Christmas a disputed and lonely character who, has been viewed as an intense example of modern urban estrangement. He is constantly seeking his identity and always negate the society for the rules the society possesses. He depicts the picture of an all-alone isolated personality who is expecting the society to change for him. At times Joe is wearing dress, white shirt with black pants, which suggests his internal division. And this divided character may even symbolize the racial confli ct of the South as a whole. Faulkner has painted Joe in such a manner right from his infancy to adolescence, that it is clear that

Allegories as intented in the morality plays Essay

Allegories as intented in the morality plays - Essay Example For others, the term goes much deeper, to include characters, props, space and even time. Confronted with many perspectives, it is important, as a starting point, to pose one guiding definition of what this paper means by the notion of allegory. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, an allegory serves as a â€Å"disguised representation for meanings other than those indicated on the surface.† The allegory is indeed a figure of speech by which meaning can be produced and, as it has to be sought beyond the actual appearance of things, it requires, according to its level of subtleties, an active mental involvement on the part of its pursuer. On a first surface level, the allegory is concerned with a narrative and the forms assumed by this latter. Independently of the type of narrative involved in the story, may it be prose, verse, drama or simply oral speech, the commonest type of allegory pertains to the storyline. The author narrates his/her events in a certain fashion and he/she orders them according to his/her inclinations. The careful selection of words or a deliberate misuse of them taints the story with a certain atmosphere. Identifiable themes emerge according to sections or passages, and these emerging themes are often played out and interwoven among themselves. They offer a plus-value to a narrative plot for they grant it with alternative meanings and interpretations. Not only is the narrative embellished by this process, but most importantly it acquires new significance and depth. By this rhetorical means, a drama may well contain traits belonging to a slapstick comedy or vice-versa a jolly light-hearted come dy may indeed reveal itself to be tragic and dreadful. As mentioned above, the delimitations of themes as well as their intrinsic refinements are seldom made explicit and often call for the reader’s own expertise and undeniably his/her willingness in finding

Does urea formation have a feedback inhibition mechanism Explain the Essay

Does urea formation have a feedback inhibition mechanism Explain the why or why not - Essay Example Carbomyl phosphate synthase I acts as the rate limiting enzyme in urea cycle. N-acetylglutamate allosterically activates it thus lowering its Km for protein synthesis. Carbomyl Phosphate Synthase I binds with the primary ATP molecule and converts into a vigorous conformation. It then changes into a second form by binding with N-acetylglutamate thus enhancing its own ATP affinity. As a result, a phosphate group is transferred from a subsequent ATP to the enzyme bound carbamate. This changes the carbamate to carbomyl phosphate. This happens according to the Rubio-Britton-Grisolia model. Hence, it is seen that hepatic N-acetylglutamate controls the rate of protein synthesis in the urea cycle, by regulating its rate-limiting enzyme allosterically (Das 475). Arginine does not cause feedback inhibition of Carbomyl PS-1 or OTC but stimulates the activity of acetylglutamate synthetase. However, according to Snodgrass (67), â€Å"in bacteria and fungi, arginine inhibits conversion of glutamate to acetylglutamate†. Also, only at high concentration levels, orthinine transcarbomylase and argininosuccinate synthase undergo feedback inhibition mechanism by citrulline and argininosuccinate, which are their respective

Metropolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Metropolis - Essay Example These slaves are depicted against the backdrop of the miserable life they lead which include tenement like homes; they work for over ten back-breaking hours nonstop. The star of the film, Freder, who is the son of Joh Frederson, the leader of Metropolis, is glaringly oblivious to the predicament of the workers or any element of their lives. Not until when a beautiful subterranean inhabitant known as Maria visits the Eternal Gardens, where Freder spends most of his time frolicking with numerous ladies, does he learn of their abject predicament. The group of small children who arrive along Maria from the laborers city below carry themselves with an air of sadness and despondency; they are hungry and appear absolutely wretched. In reality, their needy eyes apparently haunt Freder because it is something he has never seen amid the elite of the city who no less lead better lives (Bendel 12-14). When Freder follows Maria back to the underground depths of the city and witnesses a grueling accident in the machine halls where the worker toil in abject misery, the groveling scene haunts him much more. This, as a result, compels him to confront his father, but eventually, it downs upon him that the man loves and firmly believes that is appropriately right for men to live the way they do. Freder thinks for a while about the plight of the workers and decides do something about it. However, he is faced with inevitable challenge. Freder must first and foremost gather more information and trace Maria as well. With the assistance of Josaphat—Fredersen’s presently fired officer manager—he goes down the depths of the city and assumes the job of one of the workers with a view to locating Maria. For the moment, Fredersen is suddenly worried about the reverberations of discontent amid the workers and his son’s abrupt interest in their predicament. Fredersen is o verly determined to eliminate Maria’s influence on his son as well as the workers (Mark

Global Issues and Institutions Essay Example for Free

Global Issues and Institutions Essay Christian Nazis killed millions of Jews in the twentieth century. Maybe it just happens so that the terrorists are all considered Islamists nowadays, as U. S. foreign policy is focused on fighting Islamic extremism. The United States has also been playing an important role in the Middle East conflict. So far it has not been able to decide upon the side it takes, even though it appears to many that the U. S. sides with the Jews rather than the Arabs in the Holy Land. Then again, regardless of U. S. foreign policy, the fact remains that most major international conflicts in the twentieth and twenty first century have revolved around differences in religion. It is a paradox, though, that religion is essentially practiced for peace. Universal Education Many attempts have been made to understand the sociological basis of terrorism. According to a new study on the causes of terrorism, ordinary people can be easily â€Å"influenced into violence (â€Å"New Research Into Causes Of Terrorism Reveals People Turn To Suicide Bombing To Preserve Identity,† 2007). † Interactions with comrades who provide â€Å"an emotional haven† in addition to a â€Å"clear focus for turbulent energies† may very well serve as a cause of suicide bombing (â€Å"New Research Into Causes†). In order to root out this cause of suicide bombing, the new study suggests that it is essential for a group that believes in suicide bombing to have interactions with people who do not consider violence as a way to achieve immortality or the kingdom of God (â€Å"New Research Into Causes†). The best method of interaction is, no doubt, education of the diversity of cultures and experience of the people of the world. The United Nations and other organizations that are not related to specific nations must be imparting an education of universal values to the people who may otherwise turn into suicide bombers. After all, illiteracy may turn into a serious illness. In fact, all problems around the world seem to have been caused by it. Although the United Nations repeatedly speaks of universal education, it remains an unaccomplished goal. International Law The Internet and globalization make it necessary to strengthen international laws and empower the International Court of Justice. Rights of foreigners are not always respected. Let us consider the example of environmental problems to understand this issue of global importance. The Ramsar Convention is one of the treaties to help improve the environment. But, such conventions are not meant to be regulatory bodies that could compel contracting parties to follow their guidelines under the rule of law. If the contracting parties fail to fulfill their contract obligations, there are no punitive measures taken by the Ramsar Convention, although the terms of the Convention are said to â€Å"constitute a solemn treaty,† and are therefore considered â€Å"binding in international law (The Ramsar Convention, 2007). † What is truly needed is to make such conventions binding in international law. At present, no contracting party can be compelled to follow the guidelines of any such convention. By empowering the International Court of Justice to undertake the task, it may indeed become possible to develop a new convention on climate change for both the developed and developing countries. What is more, like the ‘no child left behind’ law, the new convention should aim to include every single country on the face of the earth. References New Research Into Causes Of Terrorism Reveals People Turn To Suicide Bombing To Preserve Identity. (2007, May 12). Medical News Today. Retrieved Nov 27, 2008, from http://www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/70717. php. The Ramsar Convention. (2007). Retrieved Nov 27, 2008, from http://www. ramsar. org/index_about_ramsar. htm.

Mental Imagery Vividness Essay Example for Free

Mental Imagery Vividness Essay Abstract This review examined the hypothesis that mental imagery vividness can be used as a predictor of hallucinatory experience. Earlier studies provided supporting evidences to this hypothesis, showing hallucinating population has higher mental imagery vividness comparing to nonhallucianting population. However, as a result of varied operationalization and measurements of mental imagery, contradicting results abound, showing no significant difference of mental imagery vividness between halluciantors and nonhallucinators. No clear evidences can be used to determine whether the hypothesis is valid or not so far. On the other hand, development of neurological studies provided a new perspective for looking into the relationship between mental imagery and the experience of hallucination. Keywords: mental imagery vividness, hallucination, schizophrenia Mental Imagery Vividness as a Predictor of Hallucination: A Literature Review Mental imagery, as defined by Finke (1989), is an experience significantly resembling that of perceiving, but it occurs in the absence of an adequate physical stimulus. It exists in all of the seven sensory modalities, such as visual, auditory, and olfactory (Thomas, 1999). Mental imagery is believed to be in close relationship with some core psychological mechanisms such as perception and memory, and holding its unique role in contributing to cognitive performance (Kosslyn, 1994). For example, evidences suggested that visual imagery ability predicts visuospatial memory performance (Kail, 1997). Hallucination is an experience that largely resembles mental imagery, because of its perceptual nature as well as absence of appropriate stimuli (Sack, Van de Ven, Etschenberg, Schatz, Linden, 2005). Nevertheless, the two distinguish from each other by the individual’s ability of voluntary control, as well a s his/her ability to determine the source of the experience. Specifically, mental imagery is generally regarded as being actively generated and can be intentionally controlled, while hallucination is most times beyond intention and control. The operator of mental imagery is usually aware of its internal source, while not necessarily so hallucinator. (Bentall, 1990). Hallucination, especially the form of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), is an important hallmark of schizophrenia (Wible, 2009). AVH is the perception of voices in the absence of sensory input. AVH has distinct clinical significance, as it affects about 70% of patients with schizophrenia (Sartorius et al., 1978; Silbersweig Stern, 1996). Furthermore, there have been increasing evidences supporting that hallucination is not a rare case in non-clinical population, either. It is now believed to exist on a spectrum from comparably innocuous forms in non-clinical population to a more pathological manifestation in schizophrenics (see review by Bentall, 1990). Because of its significant implication in psychopathology, continuous work has been going on to find out the risk factors and predictors for hallucination. The relationship between mental imagery and hallucination has interested researchers for long because of their shared features. Among all the characteristics of mental imagery that are potentially related with hallucination, vividness has been most substantively examined. This review summarized theories and empirical evidences for the relationship between mental imagery vividness and hallucination. Although still in its budding stage, relevant neurological evidences were also examined. Theoretical Models Vividness of mental imagery can be defined as the degree of perceptual detail experienced when having a mental image (Oertel et al., 2009). It has been associated with hallucination and schizophrenia for decades. In 1883, Galton suggested that increased vividness of mental imagery might be associated with hallucinatory experiences (as cited in Aleman, Bocker, de Haan, 1999). Later in the 20th century, West (1962) and Horowitz (1975) proposed separate models suggesting that hallucinations were mental images derived from internal source, but mistakenly attributed to external source. More specifically, the model suggested that vividness of perception was typically higher than that of mental imagery. As vividness of mental imagery increased, it became more difficult for the individual to decide its source as internal or external, and eventually these images could grow into hallucinatory. This model suggested that mental imagery and hallucination shared fundamental features and were possibly on the same continuum. Johnson and Raye (1981) supported the importance of imagery vividness, stating that memories from internal and external sources could usually be differentiated by comparing the amount of sensory, contextual and semantic attributes of events. Mintz and Alpert (1972) developed their model relevant to mental imagery vividness as well. They proposed that vividness of imagery was not the only factor contributing to hallucination. According to their argument, increased vividness of imagery, and impaired reality testing, referring to the ability to recognize the distortions in one’s own perception, are necessary but not sufficient prerequisites to generation of hallucination. Bentall (1990) summarized predecessors’ work and introduced the concept of â€Å"reality discrimination† – the idea that â€Å"hallucinators mistake their own inte rnal, mental, or private events for external, publicly observable events†. They stated that one type of information used in the reality discrimination process was the amount of sensory information present in conscious: rich sensory information implied a perception being experiences, while poor sensory information implied a mental imagery. Following this argument, individuals who have the propensity to construct images rich in sensory details are more likely to experience their internal imagery as a perception experience, and thus resulting in hallucination. Barrett (1993) provided empirical evidences in support of the above hypothesis, yet he also pointed out some questions of the model. He argued that it was unclear where the locus of the imagery effects was. The imagery vividness discrepancy between individuals with and without hallucinations could be the result of either storage or retrieval difference of sensory information. Specifically, it could be that hallucinators were able to store more abundant sensory information than nonhallucinators; and it could also be that hallucinators were better at retrieving sensory information than nonhallucinators, with same storage capacity. Despite of some questioning opinions, there are very limited direct theoretical dissents or alternative models. Holt (1972) is one of the very few that he argued that hallucination and mental imagery involved independent systems and should not correlate with each other. However, this is not saying that the hypotheses of mental imagery vividness and hallucination have not been subject to scrutinize. A large amount of researchers have attempted to verify or disprove these hypotheses through empirical evidences. Below is an incomplete summary of the empirical studies that are relevant. Empirical Evidences Evidences in Support Mintz and Alpert (1972) provided empirical evidences in support of their own hypothesis. Their study found that auditory hallucinating schizophrenics had a significantly higher vividness of auditory mental imagery comparing to non-hallucinating controls. They also identified an impaired ability to assess the accuracy of auditory perceptions in hallucinating schizophrenics. Similar results were presented by other studies. Barrett (1993) found that nonclinical subjects with hallucinations had higher vividness of mental imagery, and at the same time, had lower control of these images comparing to nonclinical subjects without hallucinations. Barrett’s (1993) study differed from that of Mintz and Alpert (1972) in the sense that he assessed mental imagery vividness on all seven sensory modalities, with one single factor emerged after factor analysis – general imagery vividness factor. In another study by Bocker (2000), no group difference in perceptual acuity was identified between the schizophrenia group and the normal controls, suggesting perceptual degradation is not a reason for hallucination. For the hallucinating schizophrenia patients, the vividness for visual imagery was significantly lower than control, while that for auditory imagery was not. Although the decreased visual mental imagery contradicted with earlier studies, the relatively high auditory mental imagery ability suggested the possibility that auditory imagery for hallucinating patients was more percept-like and thus harder to differentiate, which is in line with the fact that most of the patients experienced hallucinations in auditory modality. Evidences in Contradiction Brett and Starker (1977) found no significant difference of auditory mental imagery vividness between hallucinating schizophrenics, nonhallucinating schizophrenics medical patients with no history of psychiatric problems. Starker and Jolin (1982) also found no significantly different vividness strength of auditory mental imagery between schizophrenics, possible schizophrenics, or nonschizophrenic psychiatrics, nor between schizophrenic subgroups of currently hallucinatory, previously hallucinatory, or nonhallucinatory. In fact, Starker and Jolin (1982) suggested that hallucinating schizophrenics might actually have less vivid auditory imagery than schizophrenics who had never hallucinated. Aleman et al.’s (1999) study revealed interesting results. In their study, hallucinating subjects reported higher imagery vividness than nonhallucinating controls when subjective (self-report) scales were used to measure vividness. However, the pattern was reversed (i.e. hallucinating subjects demonstrated lower mental imagery vividness) when objective measure was used. Van de Ven and Merckelbach (2003) examined the mental imagery vividness and fantasy proneness in non-clinical population with and without hallucination experiences. They found that although subjects with hallucination scored higher on mental imagery vividness than subjects without such experiences, their imagery vividness was highly correlated with their fantasy proneness. Further analysis indicated that hallucination experience was better predicted by fantasy proneness, comparing to mental imagery vividness. Sack and his colleagues (2005) incorporated in their study measures sensitive to cognitive capacity, in order to rule it out as a confounding variable. Their results showed that paranoid schizophrenics reported higher vividness of mental imagery in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls, controlling for general intelligence and psychomotor speed of the subjects. More importantly, the higher imagery vividness of paranoid schizophrenics was not statistically dependent of the patients’ individual psychopathology, including the presence of hallucinations. The authors thus argued that mental imagery could be an independent trait marker of schizophrenia, and it operated on a separate system with hallucination for schizophrenics. Sack and colleagues (2005) also found that patient group performed worse on tasks that require involvement of mental imagery processes, which could indicate an impaired overall mental imagery ability. However, this performance deficit could be attributed to general cognitive capacity deficit. In comparison, Doninger, Silipo, Rabinowics, Snodgrass and Javitt (2001) conducted a study with a task that was more purely targeted at mental imagery ability without time constraint. Their results also revealed worse performance from schizophrenia patients comparing to healthy controls. Results of these studied implied the possibility that group difference in vividness of mental imagery is not due to an enhancement of mental imagery abilities, but to altered information processing. Oertel and colleagues (2009) conducted a further study to address the question that whether vividness of mental imagery is a trait marker of the schizophrenia spectrum (i.e. including non-clinical population with schizophrenia-like traits – schizotypy) that is independent of presence of hallucination. Subjects include schizphrenia patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenics, as well as high- and low-schizotypy healthy controls. Results showed significantly higher mental imagery vividness across all modalities in schizophrenics, first-degree relatives, as well as high-schizotypy controls comparing to low-schizotypy controls, with cognitive abilities controlled. In replication of Sack et al.’s work, this study also revealed that the vividness of mental imagery and hallucinations were independent of each other. Results also indicated that first-degree relatives obtained highest score in vividness, and high-schizotypy controls’ score did not differ significantly from that of schizophrenia patients. The results strengthened Sack et al.’s (2005) argument that vivid imagery is a trait marker of schizotypyrather, and could be related to the genetic liability to develop schizophrenia. However, longitudinal studies including premorbid data are required for further investigation. Bell and Halligan (2010) repeated Oertel et al.’s study on high- and low-schizotypy population with a larger sample size, yet with a different measure of schizotypy and a specific assessment of visual mental imagery. Their results revealed no significant difference on visual mental imagery vividness between the two groups. Explanation for Results Variation Although large variations exist across different studies, it is not justified to say whether the hypothesis of high mental imagery vividness predicts hallucination has been rejected or not. The main reason for failing to do so is that procedures, especially the measures of mental imagery, of these studies varies a lot, thus leaving considerable space for alternative explanations. Specifically, some of the measures were subjective scale (i.e. self-report), while some of the measures were objective (i.e. behavioral tasks). On the other hand, some of the measures assess mental imagery vividness of a single sensory modality, while some of them assess mental imagery vividness as a whole across all seven sensory modalities. S ubjective Measure vs. Objective Measure of Mental Imagery Kosslyn, Brunn, Cave and Wallach (1984) had presented an insignificant relation between performance on an objective task of visual imagery acuity and a self-report imagery vividness measure, indicating that subjective and objective measures of imagery vividness may not be necessarily measuring the same constructs and/or processes. Aleman et al. (1999) pointed out that objective and subjective mental imagery measures could yield contradictory results within the normal population. This distinction could be true for clinical population as well. For example, Mintz and Alpert (1972) utilized subjective measures (suggestion paradigms or self-report measures) and obtained the finding of an association between increased mental imagery and hallucinations, while Bocker et al. (2000) used a more objective mental imagery task, resulting in insignificant difference of mental imagery performance between patients and controls. Aleman et al. (1999), who generated contradicting results of subjective and objective measures in one study, summarized the disadvantages of subjective and objective measures. For subjective measures, the process of introspection is involved, which is an ability varied across individuals, and can be especially impaired in hallucinating and/or schizophrenia populations. Also, the effect of social demand could influence a subject’s self-report, depending on how the concept of mental imagery vividness is interpreted. Subject’s idiosyncratic definition of imagery vividness also heavily impact his/her self-report. For objective measures, tasks are not real-life resembling, which can fail to evaluate one’s true capacity in daily life. In addition, commonly used objective measures fail to purely target at the vividness of mental imagery alone, other processes such as conceptualization and reasoning are in effect as well. In addition, the contents of cued mental images could largely vary across individuals. Standardized scoring procedure fail to take into account these confounding processes and experiences, indicating that high imagery vividness does not guarantee a high score as it is designed to, and vice versa. General Mental Imagery vs. Single Sensory Modality Mental Imagery Barrett (1993) introduced the idea of general imagery vividness factor. If that is a valid factor, then measurement of general mental imagery vividness and measurement of single sensory modality imagery vividness could be more different than the mere part-whole relationship. Mintz and Alpert (1972) measured auditory imagery vividness only, and Barrett (1993) measured general mental imagery vividness. These two studies both resulted in significant difference of imagery vividness between halluciantors and controls. However, Brett and Starker (1977) and Starker and Jolin (1982) both measured auditory only imagery vividness and resulted in no significant difference between hallucinators and controls. In addition, in replication of Oertel’s (2009) study, Bell and Halligan (2010) changed the general imagery vividness measure to a visual-specific mental imagery measure, and their results differed from that of Oertel et al.. Bell and Halligan (2010) proposed that vividness per se might not be modality specific, and this argument is in line with the modality-independent salience dysregulation theories of psychosis and the psychosis continuum (Murray, Lappin, Di Forti., 2008). Neurological Evidence Despite of the fact that neurological evidences for mental imagery and hallucination experiences did not start to bloom until late 20th century (Linden et al., 2010) and that there is no specific neurological evidence for mental imagery vividness’s relationship with hallucination, this session is included as it provides new perspectives on how experiences of mental imagery and hallucination overlap. Evidences from earlier studies suggested that imagery and hallucinations were associated with overlapping neural networks (Allen, Laroi, McGuire, Aleman, 2008). McGuire et al. (1995) and Shergill et al. (2001) found that auditory mental imagery and auditory hallucination were involved with overlaps in fronto temporal language circuits. In terms of the main difference between hallucination and mental imagery – voluntary controllability, Linden et al. (2011) speculated that it was generated from the altered forward model of sensory productions. Forward model (Wolpert, Ghahramani, Jordan, 1995) stated that perceptual consequences were predicted upon known actions, and the prediction in turn influenced the actual experience of the self-generated action. The forward model could be in effect in speech production. According to it, self-generated speech is subject to prediction of resulted sensory experience. This hypothesis was partially supported by Linden et al.’s (2011) study. They found that the voice-selective area on the banks of superior temporal sulcus (STS) was consistently activated during auditory hallucination and voluntary auditory mental imagery. This area had been regarded as reacting to external sensory stimulation only, but it was later speculated of having been monitoring the self-generated speech in mental imagery and hallucination. Linden et al. (2011) identified in their study that the monitoring and modulating functioning of relevant auditory regions were disturbed in nonclinical hallucinators, resulting in the likelihood of attributing internally generated speech to external sources. These budding evidences suggested that hallucination and mental imagery indeed share fundamental neural networks and do not operate on completely distinctive systems. However, detailed examinations of the activity of these neural networks in terms of different features of mental imagery and hallucination, as well as differed neural system contributing to their differences are still in need. Conclusion Mental imagery vividness has interested researchers for long because of their potential relationship with the experience of hallucination. However, empirical studies have resulted in contradicting results. Earlier studies proposed that increased vividness of mental imagery is a predictor of hallucination, and they have found that higher mental imagery vividness was related with hallucination experiences. Nevertheless, many of the later replications with various methodological modifications failed to reproduce any significant relationship. Because of the variations of measurement of mental imagery vividness, it is hard to decide whether the hypothesis of the relationship between mental imagery vividness and hallucination can be rejected or not. The development of neuroscience based study methods provided a new perspective of testing the hypothesis. Current neurological studies have focused on neural activity comparison between general mental imagery process and hallucination experience. More specific studies targeting at features of mental imagery and hallucination are needed to provide a higher-level understanding of the relationship between the two experiences. Reference Aleman, A., Bocker, K.B.E., de Haan, E.H.F. (1999). Disposition towards hallucinations and subjective versus objective vividness of imagery in normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 707-714. Allen, P., Laroi, F., McGuire, P., Aleman, A. (2008). The hallucinating brain: a review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 175-191. Barrett, T.R. (1993). Verbal hallucinations in normals, II: Self-reported imagery vividness. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 61-67. Barrett, T. R., Etheridge, J. B. (1992). Verbal hallucinations in normals, I: People who hear ‘voices’. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 379-387. Bell, V., Halligan, P. W. (2009, April). Additional data on whether vividness of visual mental imagery is linked to schizotypal traits in a non-clinical population [Letter to the editor]. Psychiatry Research, 178, 568-569. Bentall, R.P. (1990). The illusion of reality: A review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 82-95. Bocker, K. B. E., Hijman, R., Kahn, R.S., de Haan, E. H. F. (2000). Perception, mental imagery and reality discrimination in hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizo phrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 397-406. Brett, E. A., Starker, S. (1977). Auditory imagery and hallucinations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 164, 394–400. Doninger, G.M., Silipo, G., Rabinowics, E.F., Snodgrass, J.G., Javitt, D.C. (2001). Impaired sensory processing as a basis for object-recognition deficits in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1818-1826. Finke, R.A. (1989). Principles of mental imagery. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Holt, R. R. (1972). On the nature and generality of mental imagery. In P. W. Sheehan (Ed.), The function and nature of imagery. New York, NY: Academic Press. Horowitz, M. (1975). Hallucinations: An information processing approach. In R. K. Siegel, L. J. West (Eds.), Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience and Theory (pp.163-196.95). New York, NY: Wiley. Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67-85. Kail, R. (1997). Processing time, imagery, and spati al memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64, 67-78. Kosslyn, S.M. (1994). Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kosslyn, S. M., Brunn, J., Cave, K. R., Wallach, R. W. (1984). Individual differences in mental imagery ability: A computational analysis. Cognition, 18, 195-243. Linden, D. E. J., Thornton, K., Kuswanto, C. N., Johnston, S. J., Jackson, M. C. (2011). The brain’s voices: Comparing nonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 330–337. McGuire, P., Silbersweig, D., Murray, R., David, A., Frackowiak, R. Frith C. (1996). Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine, 26, 29-38. Mintz, S., Alpert, M. (1972). Imagery vividness, reality testing, and schizophrenic hallucinations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 310-316. Murray, R.M., Lappin, J., Di Forti, M. (2008). Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, S129-S134. Oertel, V., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V., Haenschel, C., Grube, M., Stangier, U., Maurer, K., Liden, D. E. J. (2009). Mental imagery vividness as a trait marker across the schizophrenia spectrum. Psychiatry Research, 167, 1-11. Sack, A., Van De Ven, V., Etschenberg, S., Schatz, D., Linden, D. (2005). Enhanced vividness of mental imagery as a trait marker of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 1 -8. Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Shapiro, R. (1978). Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4, 102-113. Shergill, S., Bullmore, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S., Murray, R. McGuire, P. (2001). A functional study of auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine, 31, 241-253. Silbersweig, D., Stern, E. (1996). Functional neuroimaging of hallucinations in schizophrenia: toward an integration of bottomup and top-down approaches. Molecular Psychiatry, 1, 367-375. Starker, S., Jolin, A. (1982). Imagery and hallucination in schizophrenic patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 448-451. Thomas, N. J. T. (1999). Are theories of imagery theories of imagination? An active perception approach to conscious mental content. Cognitive Science, 23, 207-245. Van de Ven, V., Merckelbach, H. (2003). The role of schizotypy, mental imagery, and fantasy proneness in hallucinatory reports of undergraduate students. P ersonality and Individual Differences, 35, 889–896. West, L. J. (Ed.). (1962). A general theory of hallucinations and dreams. New York, NY: Grune Stratton. Wible, C. G., Lee, K., Molina, I., Hashimoto, R., Preus, A. P., Roach, B. J., Ford, J. M., Mathalon, D. H., McCarthey, G., Turner, J. A., Potkin, S. G., O’Leary, D., Belger, A., Diaz, M., Voyvodic, J., Brown, G. G., Notestine, R., Greve, D., Lauriello, J. FBINA. (2009). fMRI

Government Strategies to Meet Individual Childcare Needs

Government Strategies to Meet Individual Childcare Needs Explain the benefits for children when their individual needs are met A child develops very quickly in their early years, they continue to acquire new skills and gain knowledge all the time. Child development covers growth, development and learning from the very moment they are born to 60 months old (August after a child’s 5th birthday). These three areas in bold text are connected and are vastly influenced via a child’s experiences, environment and genetic inheritance. Early Years practitioners should work extremely hard to help bring along and guide a healthy, well-rounded, ‘unique child’ by focusing on a child’s individual needs, characteristics and own interests these benefit each individual child because no two children are exactly the same! They all learn, absorb information and acquire new skills at different stages within their own development. UNICEF (World Wide Children’s Society) Believe that â€Å"Every child is special and all human beings have a right to basic standards, and all races and religions are to be treated equally and with respect†. UN (United Nations) Believe â€Å"All children have a right to have their own views and opinions listened to and have their best interests at heart†. So therefore if these guidelines and beliefs above are followed by all Early Years providers every child will benefit as a good practitioner will help to develop, nurture, support and promote their own key children’s personalities, talents and abilities regardless of ethnicity, culture or religion. Each child will benefit because they will Feel supported and protected with the care they are given Feel valued because their individual needs are understood and met Learn more successfully because they are in a safe and happy environment Be a more confident child with the variety of experiences they are exposed to In the Early Years – Development Matters booklet it talks about every Early Years practitioner works very closely with each individual key child they should be able to pick up any development issues they find earlier; and by identifying these issues early it will help and support the child’s learning and development without causing too much disruption, which in turn benefits the child even further with the extra support and guidance they receive. Every child has different circumstances and abilities, if each individual child is nurtured and their needs are met then they will benefit immensely because they will feel empowered, valued and supported which will therefore extend their own knowledge and promote their own personal learning journey. Describe how the principles of anti-discriminatory practice can be applied to practice Discrimination is when an individual or a typical group of people are excluded and treated unfairly. The ‘Human Rights Act’ and the ‘Equality Act 2010’ promotes ‘anti-discriminatory practice’. Typical discriminative behaviour is negativity regarding gender, disability, social class, physical appearance, race and culture, family background and traditions. There are several different ways of promoting anti-discriminatory behaviour within an Early Years setting Promoting a positive environment where everyone is welcome and greeted with a friendly attitude verbally as well as visually (i.e. Place welcome signs in different languages on the entrance walls of the nursery setting) Providing and promoting equality of opportunity and values for all children, building on an understanding, commitment and attitudes about themselves and others who are from different cultures Building strong positive relationships with both child and their families – even if they have another first language (learning some common words of their own mother’s tongue would help build a stronger relationship) Celebrating multicultural festivals and events throughout the whole year – which allows all the children to participate and gain knowledge Promoting non-stereotypical behaviour during play times allowing all children to choose their own preferred toys and not having typical gender type resources available (i.e. Prams/Dolls for girls and Train sets/Cars for boys) Ensure equal selection of toys, resources and activities which reflect different cultures and religions, and allow them to be an accurate representation and used in the correct way (i.e. Role play, books, crafts etc..) Use parental expertise and advice where needed to ensure there isn’t any element of ignorance within the environment when different types of activities are planned and set out. (Invite parents in to the setting to give a small talk about their own festivals or by sharing their own knowledge and skills with all the children from every background, this is involving the parents and helps them to feel valued within the nursery environment too!) If all Early Years providers and practitioners behave in a non-prejudice way and abide to the above rules any unnecessary conflict within a nursery setting could be avoided and everyone who visits the setting will feel valued, welcome, supported and a positive outcome will prevail, therefore everyone will gain positive emotional well-being. Finally, on a positive note if all the children within the nursery are included, valued and helped to understand differences from themselves they will grow and develop an understanding to accept others who are different from themselves, this in turn will encourage and help children to empathise with others no matter what their differences in background, providing a healthier society in the future! Describe why it is important to plan activities that meet the individual needs of children Children develop at different rates and there are several factors which may impact how a child grows and develops. When an Early Years practitioner is planning activities they should take in to consideration the following Pregnancy or birth difficulties, Disability, Illness, Environment and Stress, because these factors can make a big difference how an individual child learns and develops. Early Years Statutory Framework (EYSF) State thatâ€Å"Practitioners must consider the individual needs, interests, and stage development of each child in their care, and must use this information to plan a challenging and enjoyable experience for each child in all of the areas of learning and development†. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) State thatâ€Å"Practitioners should help develop their key child’s personalities, abilities and talents to the fullest potential, and be given the opportunity to grow up in an environment of happiness, love and understanding†. If practitioners within the nursery setting follow the above guidelines the child’s key worker will have excellent knowledge of their key children within their care. It is their responsibility to offer each key child an individual way to grow and develop at a steady pace. It is advised by (EYSF) that an Early Years practitioner follow this typical cycle of (planning, observation and assessment) for each â€Å"unique child†. A good time to observe is during free play sessions. By being a good listener and observer practitioners can get a better understanding and gain good knowledge of the child’s preferred interests which they find stimulating and what they can/can’t do well independently! An example of this a child loves independently playing with cars and their key worker has observed they need to develop numeracy and creative skills – by providing a fun activity with several types of cars you should immediately capture their curiosity you could begin the activity by counting the cars together, then if the child is still focused and amused you could use the tyres of the cars to make different marks with coloured paints, this in turn will help develop their numeracy knowledge and creativity! By using the typical triangle cycle to plan and access you avoid choosing an activity which is either non-engaging or uninteresting for the child and which may be possibly too easy for the child to gain any suitable knowledge or stimulating enough for their individual learning outcome. Alternatively if a child finds the activity too hard it could provide a negative impact on them and in turn it could affect their self-esteem hindering their own learning journey in the future. If the key worker provides sufficient praise during the planned activity the key child will be supported and this attitude will help their self-esteem and they will continue to progress well. The advantage of using this type of planning cycle for your key child’s learning journey are it can be tracked appropriately and effectively for each individual child within your care and will therefore boost their own development, physical and social growth. Explain how the practitioner can promote children’s physical and emotional well-being within an early years setting Parents have to have immense confidence and trust by leaving their child in the care of practitioners within an Early Years setting therefore it is absolute paramount that their precious child is valued, supported, safe, loved and well cared for during those hours that the parents cannot be around. Every Child Matters: (ECM) is a UK government initiative for England and Wales it states that â€Å"There are five important factors to improve children’s lives as a whole 1. Being healthy, 2. Staying safe; 3. Enjoy achieving; 4. Making a positive contribution; 5. Economic well being†. These five factors may not all apply to Early Years children but by securing and helping them develop the first three skills as the child grows in to an older child factors four and five should be a natural progression/development as long as they continue to be nurtured, supported and valued individuals within society. If Early Years practitioners adhere especially to these first three factors these will provide them with an excellent base and grounding, practitioners can promote a child’s physical and emotional well-being within an Early Years setting in several different ways Safeguarding infants by keeping children safe and secure in a positive environment helps them to achieve the best they can achieve because they will feel secure and well supported Securing strong early relationships having a strong bond with key worker/child is very important for a good quality learning experience Teach children to become aware and to empathise with other people, this gives them a sense of belonging and shows them how to be a helpful and kind individual Being a positive role model by being a healthy key worker, keeping safe and helping them to enjoy achieving with like minded people Focus on positive attitudes and behaviour this type of focus helps the child to realise that good behaviour is rewarding which will give them a sense of achievement Allowing them to have a choice helping them to discover self worth and adapt to their own actions this promotes self-esteem and will build their confidence and will help them to feel empowered as an independent, confident learner Structured daily routine helps the child to feel safe, secure and well cared for which promotes positive behaviour A good practitioner should be able to promote a child’s physical and emotional well being by teaching and being an excellent role model. Children enjoy and like to copy others around them – that is how they learn and develop so it is very important to be a positive role model with a good, positive attitude because it helps them in their early years about the difference between good and negative behaviour. It is equally important to have in place a structured daily routine where the child feels safe, secure and well cared for. A child benefits in many ways when a routine is followed because children quickly adapt themselves and have a great sense of stability, comfort and organisation which in turn promotes positive behaviour and they also gain knowledge of self control. Practitioners should be able to encourage and guide a child during their early years helping them to realise that they have a choice, this will build the child’s own self confidence and they will become more aware of their own actions this in turn will promote independence, self confidence and assertiveness which should help them to develop a positive and healthy bright future.

Joan Of Arc By Jules Basten Lepage Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Joan of Arc,† was painted by the French realist artist Jules Bastien-Lepage in 1879. â€Å"After the province of Lorraine was lost to Germany following the Franco-Prussian War in 1821, The Frenchmen saw in Joan of Arc a new and powerful symbol. In 1875, Bastien-Lepage, a native of Lorraine began to make studies for a picture of her. In the present painting, exhibited in the Salon of 1880, Joan is shown receiving her revelation in her parents garden. Behind her are Saints Michael, Margaret, and Catherine. (Caption next to painting in The Metropolitan)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jules Bastien-Lepage creates a realistic atmosphere, including a supernatural, religious-like presence within his painting. Oil on canvas was used to create the realistic quality of the work. By closely examining the artist’s technique, it is clear that he uses delicate brush strokes in a true to life manner. The colors, and use of light seem to be painted in a layered fashion to give the landscape a sense of depth. The background of the painting is a garden which include foliage and brush that surrounds the primary focus of the painting, Joan of Arc. The artist put a great effort into the details of the scene. Bastien-Lepage uses a distinct realistic quality in his painting which is visible in each individual leaf and branch. Various hues of earth tones, green and brown being the most evident, are blended together in the garden scene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In...

Birth Order And The Effect On Your Personality Essay -- essays researc

Birth order and the effect it has on your personality Some parents often wonder, what, if any, effect birth order will have on their children’s personalities. Genetic factors and other influences play a significant role, but the birth order within the family plays a larger role in determining the personality of children. Countless academic studies say your place in the family is such a strong factor in developing your personality that it can have a major influence on the rest of your life. Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist and former disciple of Freud, acknowledge environmental influences such as social class, geographic origin and relationship with parents as factors in the development of personality. But it was birth order and relationship with siblings that was the single most reliable predictor of human nature (Udall). Joy Berthoud, author of â€Å"Pecking Order,† had read and been convinced by this and researched and confirmed it. â€Å"I am a journalist and wanted to stand it up myself,† she says. Hundreds of interviews later, she had her proof. â€Å"Without exception, everyone I spoke to displayed the characteristics of their position in the family pecking order.† There are many variables, she was quick to point out, dictated most notable by age gab and the gender of the children. â€Å"A girl with a sister two years her senior will be closer to the model of the second child than a girl with a brother ten years order, who might well display more of the characteristics of a first or only child† (Udall). Frank J. Sulloway, researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has studied the differences in sets of siblings throughout history. He recorded his findings in the book, â€Å"Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives.† In almost every case Sulloway found that siblings seemed to seek different roles in the family. If the first child was feisty and active, and the second child would be significantly more likely to be quiet and sensitive and vice versa (Brazelton). Firstborns, Sulloway conclude, were likely to be more conforming and traditional, identifying with their parents’ power. In most cases, they were tough-minded and determined, driving toward success. They were likely to be responsib... ...intains, birth order is crucial ("Birth order and your child"). Birth order like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for some children. You can have a child of any birth position who may or may not show the typical characteristics. â€Å"Birth order and your child.† Familylinks: At Parent and Child Guidance Center. 6 March 2001. Brazelton, Berry. â€Å"Why are siblings often so different?† The Washington Times, 4 February 2001, D1. Cook, Emma. â€Å"No more like you at home.† Independent on Sunday 12 January 1997, pp 7. â€Å"Parenting- Children.† CNN Health In-Depth. 6 March 2001. Payton, Chevonn. â€Å"Birth order may provide clues to understanding you kids.† The Kansas City Star 29 June 1999. Udall, Elizabeth. â€Å"How the family pecking order affects you.† Independent, 16 September 1996, pp 6,7. White, Donna Gehrke. â€Å"Birth order say more about your personality than many other determinants, a study finds.† The Miami Herald, 10 August 1999. Birth Order And The Effect On Your Personality Essay -- essays researc Birth order and the effect it has on your personality Some parents often wonder, what, if any, effect birth order will have on their children’s personalities. Genetic factors and other influences play a significant role, but the birth order within the family plays a larger role in determining the personality of children. Countless academic studies say your place in the family is such a strong factor in developing your personality that it can have a major influence on the rest of your life. Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist and former disciple of Freud, acknowledge environmental influences such as social class, geographic origin and relationship with parents as factors in the development of personality. But it was birth order and relationship with siblings that was the single most reliable predictor of human nature (Udall). Joy Berthoud, author of â€Å"Pecking Order,† had read and been convinced by this and researched and confirmed it. â€Å"I am a journalist and wanted to stand it up myself,† she says. Hundreds of interviews later, she had her proof. â€Å"Without exception, everyone I spoke to displayed the characteristics of their position in the family pecking order.† There are many variables, she was quick to point out, dictated most notable by age gab and the gender of the children. â€Å"A girl with a sister two years her senior will be closer to the model of the second child than a girl with a brother ten years order, who might well display more of the characteristics of a first or only child† (Udall). Frank J. Sulloway, researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has studied the differences in sets of siblings throughout history. He recorded his findings in the book, â€Å"Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives.† In almost every case Sulloway found that siblings seemed to seek different roles in the family. If the first child was feisty and active, and the second child would be significantly more likely to be quiet and sensitive and vice versa (Brazelton). Firstborns, Sulloway conclude, were likely to be more conforming and traditional, identifying with their parents’ power. In most cases, they were tough-minded and determined, driving toward success. They were likely to be responsib... ...intains, birth order is crucial ("Birth order and your child"). Birth order like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for some children. You can have a child of any birth position who may or may not show the typical characteristics. â€Å"Birth order and your child.† Familylinks: At Parent and Child Guidance Center. 6 March 2001. Brazelton, Berry. â€Å"Why are siblings often so different?† The Washington Times, 4 February 2001, D1. Cook, Emma. â€Å"No more like you at home.† Independent on Sunday 12 January 1997, pp 7. â€Å"Parenting- Children.† CNN Health In-Depth. 6 March 2001. Payton, Chevonn. â€Å"Birth order may provide clues to understanding you kids.† The Kansas City Star 29 June 1999. Udall, Elizabeth. â€Å"How the family pecking order affects you.† Independent, 16 September 1996, pp 6,7. White, Donna Gehrke. â€Å"Birth order say more about your personality than many other determinants, a study finds.† The Miami Herald, 10 August 1999.

Mall Culture In Cities

City outskirts are sprouting malls. Will they help decongest Bangalore? Mall culture is here to stay and new malls coming up on the city outskirts seem to be offering a ray of hope to the jam-packed city centre. Hopefully, these will cater to the lifestyle needs of people living beyond the Outer Ring Road. But will it be a boon? Expert opinion has it that if planned and executed properly, malls can keep people from travelling into the city for their leisure. This will reduce traffic within the city, many feel.According to town planner Swati Ramanathan, â€Å"It is a fact that we do need more malls. The purchasing power of people has increased and malls do provide people with several options. But they have to be strategically positioned and they can't afford to have poor facilities just because they are on the outskirts.† Says traffic expert MN Sreehari, â€Å"Malls in the outskirts will definitely give relief to clogged streets in the city.†He believes that Bangalore as a city needs and can house around 70 malls. â€Å"The correct ratio is one mall for one lakh people. This is how it has been done in the west,† he says. But architect Kevin Ross says, â€Å"When people put up structures like malls, theatres and restaurants in the outskirts, they normally cut corners. They wouldn't try it within the city because market needs demand the next structure is better than existing one. If the malls coming up in the outskirts are not upto the mark, they will fall flat and fail to attract crowds.You will still have people coming all the way from Yelahanka and Hebbal and going to Koramangala for a mall experience.† There's the case of a city multiplex that opened with a lot of promise in the outskirts, but once other multiplexes opened up in the city centre, people didn't mind travelling the distance for a more swanky experience.Swati cautions, â€Å"We can't have the market dictate where and how the malls should be. Government agencies need to be activated to look into permits for these malls. Otherwise we'll be Gurgaoned.Every third building is a mall in Gurgaon. This will result in ghost malls. One mall will attract everybody and We'll have the same problems of congestion and road blocks all over again.†She feels that it is the government agencies which need to look into the density of population in various areas and allow for malls to come up in the right zones. †¦Says Ramesh Reddy, who's invested in a mall, â€Å"Colleges, IT companies and even hospitals have gone to the outskirts. I feel if malls are put up just outside residential areas, they will have takers.†Leena M, a young professional, says, â€Å"We need to follow the Mumbai model. The city is spread out and each suburb has it's own mall nucleus.† But for this to happen in Bangalore, it will take some time, she says.Swathi adds that town planners need to have the foresight to plan for this sort of growth. It needs detailed planning. à ¢â‚¬Å"In our governance, forget about detailed planning, there's no planning at all,† she says.Sreehari believes that malls need to operate for at least 20 hours a day. He adds that in cities like Singapore, malls are open 24 hours. This has to happen eventually for malls to be really successful.

Identify and Explain Two Reasons for an Increase in Cohabitation [17]

Identify and explain two reasons for an increase in cohabitation [17] One reason is changing social attitudes. Religion regarded cohabitation as ‘living in sin’, but today there is less shame attached to it. Barlow et al found increasing acceptance of cohabitation. This shows that the change in religions social attitude, cohabitation is accepted more, leading to an increase in cohabitation. Some people prefer love that focuses of on intimacy, closeness and emotion rather than the duties of marriage.Giddens argues that there has been a trend towards confluent love. This love focuses on the intimacy, closeness and emotion of a relationship, rather than the feelings of obligation and duty that is in vows at marriage. When a marriage no longer has confluent love, the relationship is likely to end. This shows that monogamy may start being replaced by serial monogamy, in which cohabitation is most suited to. However, the ONS found that 60% of cohabiting couples will eventually end in marriage showing that monogamy can often replace serial monogamy.There is less pressure to follow traditional norms and values. Beck and Beck-Gernshiem argue that individualism has led to changing attitudes towards cohabitation and marriage. There is less pressure to follow the norms and values around love and relationships set by family, religion or culture. This shows that the change in attitudes has led to people making their own decision about whether they marry or cohabitate. The acceptance of sex outside marriage has made it more likely that cohabitation will occur.Allan and Crow argue that effective contraception has made it possible for partners to cohabit without fear of pregnancy. This alongside the acceptance of sex before marriage means cohabitation without marriage is likely to occur. This shows that the change in social attitudes towards sex outside of marriage has led to an increase in cohabitation. Another reason is the decline in the popularity of marriage. The drawbacks that come with marriage often turn people away from marriage.McRae found cohabitation had been chosen over marriage because marriage was seen as limiting personal freedom and independence, offering no advantages over cohabitation. This shows that more people started a cohabiting relationship rather than a marriage, leading to a decline in marriage, but a rise in cohabitation. Some people find it better to have more sexual partners than to get married. Patricia Morgan argues that cohabitation is part of a worrying trend in which marriage is going out of fashion and the family is in decline.It is a sign of an increasing trend to have more sexual partners and change them frequently than to commit to stable married relationships. This shows that cohabitation is becoming more popular than marriage because people are starting to want more than just one partner for life. Cohabitation is an alternative to marriage Chandler argues cohabitation is a relatively stable alternative to marriage and that the length of time couples spend together is expanding. This shows that it is a good alternative to marriage, but with more freedom.However, the New Right claim that cohabitation is less stable than marriage and can lead to negative consequences. Fear of divorce could lead to more people cohabitating, rather than getting married. The ONS showed that 45% of marriages ended in divorce, which could lead to people not wanting to get married and preferring to cohabit instead. This shows that the fear of divorce can turn people away from marriage and turning to cohabitation, which declines the popularity of marriage and increases cohabitation. Identify and Explain Two Reasons for an Increase in Cohabitation [17] Identify and explain two reasons for an increase in cohabitation [17] One reason is changing social attitudes. Religion regarded cohabitation as ‘living in sin’, but today there is less shame attached to it. Barlow et al found increasing acceptance of cohabitation. This shows that the change in religions social attitude, cohabitation is accepted more, leading to an increase in cohabitation. Some people prefer love that focuses of on intimacy, closeness and emotion rather than the duties of marriage.Giddens argues that there has been a trend towards confluent love. This love focuses on the intimacy, closeness and emotion of a relationship, rather than the feelings of obligation and duty that is in vows at marriage. When a marriage no longer has confluent love, the relationship is likely to end. This shows that monogamy may start being replaced by serial monogamy, in which cohabitation is most suited to. However, the ONS found that 60% of cohabiting couples will eventually end in marriage showing that monogamy can often replace serial monogamy.There is less pressure to follow traditional norms and values. Beck and Beck-Gernshiem argue that individualism has led to changing attitudes towards cohabitation and marriage. There is less pressure to follow the norms and values around love and relationships set by family, religion or culture. This shows that the change in attitudes has led to people making their own decision about whether they marry or cohabitate. The acceptance of sex outside marriage has made it more likely that cohabitation will occur.Allan and Crow argue that effective contraception has made it possible for partners to cohabit without fear of pregnancy. This alongside the acceptance of sex before marriage means cohabitation without marriage is likely to occur. This shows that the change in social attitudes towards sex outside of marriage has led to an increase in cohabitation. Another reason is the decline in the popularity of marriage. The drawbacks that come with marriage often turn people away from marriage.McRae found cohabitation had been chosen over marriage because marriage was seen as limiting personal freedom and independence, offering no advantages over cohabitation. This shows that more people started a cohabiting relationship rather than a marriage, leading to a decline in marriage, but a rise in cohabitation. Some people find it better to have more sexual partners than to get married. Patricia Morgan argues that cohabitation is part of a worrying trend in which marriage is going out of fashion and the family is in decline.It is a sign of an increasing trend to have more sexual partners and change them frequently than to commit to stable married relationships. This shows that cohabitation is becoming more popular than marriage because people are starting to want more than just one partner for life. Cohabitation is an alternative to marriage Chandler argues cohabitation is a relatively stable alternative to marriage and that the length of time couples spend together is expanding. This shows that it is a good alternative to marriage, but with more freedom.However, the New Right claim that cohabitation is less stable than marriage and can lead to negative consequences. Fear of divorce could lead to more people cohabitating, rather than getting married. The ONS showed that 45% of marriages ended in divorce, which could lead to people not wanting to get married and preferring to cohabit instead. This shows that the fear of divorce can turn people away from marriage and turning to cohabitation, which declines the popularity of marriage and increases cohabitation.

Playtime

There's a scene where a Janitor comes out and Just tanks in place not knowing what to do because apparently the floor of the building is so clean that there's nothing else to clean. This shows us that their world or things they represent have to be perfect. By having a certain way to walk and the place being clean shows us that they have to represent professionalism. As we keep watching throughout the film we hear a baby cry but we don't see him/ her. The director tries to confuse us by showing a lady that looks like a nurse caring a baby but instead she's caring some towels.But as well shows us another lady walking her back towards us pushing something that looks like a stroller but Instead it's a baggage. This wont be the first or last time he will try to confuse us. As the film moves on, we see a bunch of tours ready to be guided to their destination. Someone goes and assists them but puts them Into two straight lines to not show sloppiness. As they're walking there way out Barbar a notices a dog barking but when she turns around to see where It's coming from the guy Is Just petting his baggage.As they get In the bus the director shows us another scene where Hullo looks new to the city. Hullo goes inside a building where he's supposed to search for someone. But within that search Hullo Is always getting lost or getting confused by a salesman. He studies the frames, chairs, and reflection of windows as If he has never seen those objects before. There are a lot of scenes where people are being framed and we as the audience are looking or hearing what the characters can't notice.For example as Hullo Is dating In a four glass room for the person he may speak to, we hear and see what's going around outside that glass room that he may not hear or see. As he searches for the guy we can see where he Is but Hullo can't. The reflection of the mirror confuses Hullo and leads him to different places loosing the guy again. There Is another sequence where construction work ers are putting up a glass but are being framed with another glass. The people from outside are watching them as If It were to be a show These parts of the film can relate to the reading of Badly Set. Selection 4. Playtime By Janitor her back towards us pushing something that looks like a stroller but instead it's a goes and assists them but puts them into two straight lines to not show sloppiness. As they're walking there way out Barbara notices a dog barking but when she turns around to see where it's coming from the guy is Just petting his baggage. As they get in the bus the director shows us another scene where Hullo looks new to the city. That search Hullo is always getting lost or getting confused by a salesman.He studies he frames, chairs, and reflection of windows as if he has never seen those objects are looking or hearing what the characters can't notice. For example as Hullo is waiting in a four glass room for the person he may speak to, we hear and see what's the guy we can see where he is but Hullo can't. The reflection of the mirror confuses Hullo and leads him to different places loosing the guy again. There is another with another glass. The people from outside are watching them as if it were to be a show These parts of the film can relate to the reading of Baddie Set. 4, selection 4.

I Feel That Men Want Sex More Than Women For Both Biological and Social Reasons

The old saying â€Å"it is a man’s world† attributes to the chauvinist characteristic of men; where clinical experts hinted on the findings that men are genetically made to primarily lead the procreation with women. As cited from the electronic article of Steve Connor (2008) in the Agonist.Org, the common notion could be relevant to the instinctive nature of men with regard to their sexual desires towards the opposite sex, wherein men prefer casual sex than women (1).Therefore, the question is; do men want sex more than women for both biological and social reasons? This hypothetical question will be the topical discussion of this paper, examining the basis of agreement or disagreement through the use of empirical findings.Situational analysisTo relate the above hypothetical question, I agree that men want sex more than women for both biological and social reasons. On the contrary, the viewpoint of Dick Masterson (2009) of MenAre BetterThanWomen.Com claims that women hav e their pitfalls as a physical and emotional weakness.Thus, my agreement will be proven by the succeeding situational analysis on the circumstance of men’s natural characteristic, relating the biological and sociological advances to women.In ‘Peeking inside the Mind of the Boy Dating Your Daughter’ by Tara Parker-Pope, which was published in 2008 by The New York Times electronic magazine, has cited that the â€Å"peer factor† critically influences the discovery of the boys about girls (1). Tara Parker-Pope (2008) has written and described the following findings:â€Å"Physical attractiveness and the desire to be acquainted with someone are the usual and familiar reasons of   boys who are sexually active, and most likely said they pursued sex without commitment of love and primarily want to explore sex or to satisfy physical desires† (2).Based on the findings, it shows that most of young men are driven by their likings getting acquainted first with women, discovering the feelings or desires for the opposite sex. It may be then analyzed that the situation of â€Å"getting acquainted† is attributed by the peer factor.As cited, many young men [especially the teenagers between the ages of 14-16] are willing to lose their virginity at the very young age since they are vulnerable to peer-pressures, and most likely willing to explore the company of women (2).On the other hand, there seems a â€Å"balance† on the attitude of men towards a sexual partner, in which adult males thinks about the idea how could the social and biological life of women adopt to the same gender relationship, pertaining to the willingness of a girl in discovering or experimenting the kind of relationship (2).However, there is case to case basis or â€Å"social circumstance† when a girl get into the same gender relationship, of which one of the factors is socio-economic survival (3).From the article ‘A New Kind of Date Rape’ by Laura Sessions Stepp (2009) which was published by Cosmopolitan electronic magazine, the varying circumstances of men’s insatiable attraction to women has been emphasized.Accordingly, there is the so-called â€Å"gray rape† which refers to having sexual relationship with someone in between consent and denial (2). Stepp (2009) implied this kind of circumstance as trauma to a woman who questions herself after having sex with someone.In other words, the â€Å"tolerance† that first instinctively happened with a partner was uncertain and could have been persistently encouraged or lured by the male partner.The circumstance of rape is always evidently demonstrating the chauvinist character of men, although there are very remote cases when women are accused of raping men. What shows in the first evidence of rape is the enticement of a man to woman (2).Like for instance is the encouragement of a man for dating a woman, showing the desire of â€Å"insistent emotion† which a woman has a weak spot of being passionately desired for neither loved or needed (3). However, this kind of insistent emotion makes women vulnerable to â€Å"gray rape† to the point of statutory sexual assault (3).Stepp (2009) pointed out that insistent emotion of men towards women are merely physical desires, aside from the â€Å"psychosocial esteem† which men commonly feels satisfied or fulfilled once they have achieved the confidence of women.As cited, several cases of rape come first as a date, wherein men stereotype the approach of seduction and intimidations (3). Further, many rape victims in urban cities were dating partners who were allured to alcohol drinking or pot sessions leading to use of drugs and other illegal substances (3).It shows that women are vulnerable to the advantages of men. On the other hand, the vulnerabilities can be found on the physical and emotional weaknesses of women which are the pitfall (3).Thus, this can be equated to the à ¢â‚¬Å"gray rape† which refers to the unpredictable or indecisive tolerance of women to accept or deny the desires of men. However, this finding is still analogous to deceitful acts of men in terms of taking the advantages or opportunity of the situation. At this juncture, Stepp (2009) categorized and wrote the findings, as follows:â€Å"Numerous studies found â€Å"gray rape† as an outcome of the modern day socio-cultural groupings of men and women where plentiful interactions through social gatherings entices flirtations as additionally triggered by alcohol and drugs, of which even encourages men to be more sexually daring and harmful† (3).In which case, Stepp (2009) also proves the â€Å"social factor† or reasons why aside from the biological aspect, men can become more viciously desiring women.Reflective of the social factor, it may be perceived that the situation tends to justify the means, pertaining to providing understanding why men commit sexual ab use. But, certain understanding to the social factor owes the analysis that men links social interactions as the â€Å"given opportunity† or established venue to entrap the vulnerability of women.As cited, social interaction can be an easement for men to set the â€Å"social rules†, misunderstanding women who look for relationship and not free-and-easy sex (3).Another sociological finding explores why men do not separate from being boys, referring to the idea that men always retain the â€Å"teenage attitude† as they grow old. Michael Kimmel in his book ‘The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men’ which was published in 2008 by Harper-Collins Publishers has argued that contemporary matured men â€Å"drift† in a life-threatening social system (2).As a sociologist, Kimmel (2008) has accounted his findings through the conduct of interviews to numerous young and adult men with different types of occupation. Kimmel wrote his following findings:  Ã ¢â‚¬Å"The typical young American man nowadays is phasing in to a newly developed social culture not perturbed or put out by the burden of family, a girlfriend, workplace and other annoyances of adult-life† (3).Kimmel (2008) implies the retention of men’s masculinity that establishes the societal structure of what he described as â€Å"guyland† being a territorial ground of men where women competes.Based on the book, the competing genre of women challenges the â€Å"guyland† which makes women more vulnerable to the effects of competition. Like for example, the prevalence of sexual harassments in workplaces manifests the dominant character of men to the opposite gender (3).Kimmel (2008) explained that the emerging â€Å"gender competition†, pertaining to the emerging women interaction to the usual men’s occupation or life-interests, poses a challenging stance to the men’s world (guyland) that entices men to explore the personality of wom en competitors.As cited, exploring the personality of woman competitor varies in a challenging discovery from simple seduction to grave intimidation (4). Thus, Kimmel (2008) critically considers the â€Å"intuition† as part of a social factor.Correlating the findings of Kimmel (2008) to the topical discussions, biological and social reasons or factors favors the agreement that men want sex more than women. The aspect of â€Å"men’s world† conjugates the natural characteristic of men for being a â€Å"pre-dominant entity† in the social structure of gender and societal personality of women.This analogy can be deduced from what Kimmel (2008) described as the â€Å"territorial ground† of men, in which also means as a social structure or system that is only ruled by men. Therefore, women must submit to the harmful challenge of men and live with it.It can be reflected that what the contemporary needs today is a crucial co-existence regardless of gender o r personality in the social system. Men and women alike must redefine their vital roles in the perspectives of developing family values so that the new generation of young men and women would be responsible procreators. At this point, Kimmel (2008) wrote the following prognosis:â€Å"To map-out the future social-world of men must redefine what men are presently made;   enabling the integral role of women in nurturing the path of their young boys from the vicious effects of society where â€Å"guyland† must reciprocate the reputation of reliable and responsible men† (6).Indeed, women have a vital role in reforming the biological and social factors affecting the behavior of men. Of which Kimmel (2008) pointed out that if women actively participate in liberating the society, then, why not specifically persevere in the parental function of women to redirect the socio-cultural reorientation within the family (7).This proposition can be acknowledged by the fact that the ro le of women in the family is to provide guidance to the children, specifically the role of mothers. At least, but not just an option, the family-value orientation stirs the consciousness of the children, becoming aware of the sociological influences that patterns behavior and beliefs of children as they grow up (7).On the same reasons, Kimmel (2008) emphasized the importance of â€Å"converting the guyland† as a territorial ground for the virtuous men who are sympathetic and ethically conforming to the morality of women (8).ConclusionThe sexual desires of men symbolize his dominant character to the opposite sex, wherein women are treated as a â€Å"utility† in the fulfillment of masculinity or chauvinism. Additionally, women’s desires for a responsive relationship are being perceive or misunderstood as a pitfall. The personality of women in the classification of gender becomes a defenseless weaker sex.