The Clash Between Amish Culture and Modern American...

The Clash Between Amish Culture and Modern American Culture in the Film Witness Witness is a mix of genres; it has romance, action, is part murder/detective story, and is a thriller. The aim of the director, Peter Weir, is to show the clash of cultures between the Amish and the Modern American culture. Peter Weir the director likes to place characters into an unusual situation like in this film he has a Pennsylvanian cop, John Book, having to hide and live in an Amish community. Pennsylvania means brotherly love in Amish. The Amish are a Christian religious group with origins from Europe, in America they are known as The Plain People. The Amish travelled to America for freedom of worship.†¦show more content†¦They stress the importance of the community and helping each other. There is an emphasis on traditional skills and old trades being used. Childrens toys are made by hand from wood. In the barn raising scene we can see how men and boys of all ages take part in the work and the numbers compensate for the lack of modern equipment. Barns are built are built for the couple who are soon to be married in one day, it is also tradition to finish it on the day they start building it. This scene also emphasises on the community spirit by having everybody working, even though the women dont work on building the women do traditional female tasks such as preparing a feast for all of them where they will all eat together. The women also work on the embroidery. All of the womens work is highly valued and the women are very well respected in an Amish community. All of the tasks, such as milking the cows, are done by hand which is very time consuming so they have to get up at a very early time in the morning to start. North America in this film is shown as a violent, corrupt, ruthless, aggressive society, even the police officers are shown as corrupt because theyve made millions from drug trafficking. They all carry guns with them either on them or in their car boots and they dont think twice about using them. At timesShow MoreRelatedWitness by Peter Weir Notes12043 Words   |  49 PagesNOTES ON MODULE B, WITNESS BY PETER WEIR, 1985 Introduction: * Engage in a detailed analysis of a text * Understanding of how the ideas, forms and language of a text interact within the text and may affect those responding to it. * Students will need an understanding of film techniques and of the police drama genre. Important aspects to know: * Visual techniquesenhance understanding of characters * Editing techniquescreate suspense, establish characters, create atmosphere, positionRead MoreWitness: Old Amish Society1474 Words   |  6 Pages#65279; Witness In the 1985 film witness director peter weir explores the sharp cultural conflicts between the old Amish society of western Pennsylvania and the modern American world of crime and violence. The main character, Philadelphia police detective John Book (played by Harrison Ford), is forced into hiding by a group of corrupt fellow officers looking for a little Amish boy (played by Lukas Haas). The boy witnesses a brutal killing and identifies the policemanRead MoreEssay about Peter Weirs Witness1454 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Weirs Witness In the 1985 film witness director Peter Weir explores the sharp cultural conflicts between the old Amish society of western Pennsylvania and the modern American world of crime and violence. The main character, Philadelphia police detective John Book (played by Harrison Ford), is forced into hiding by a group of corrupt fellow officers looking for a little Amish boy (played by Lukas Haas). The boy witnesses a brutal killing and identifies the policeman who did it from a photographRead MoreWitness Analysis3405 Words   |  14 Pages2010 HSC English Standard – Module B ‘Witness’ By Aiman Ahamad ------------------------------------------------- John Book and Rachel Lapp could never have a successful permanent relationship. Do you agree? Relationships may be permanent or temporary. Different relationship will experience obstacles but may receive considerable rewards. There are many factors that can affect the relationship between people like clash of cultures, their inability to conform to alternate societies and the fundamental

Sequence Analysis of the Third Man Free Essays

10/7/12 The Third Man Sequence Analysis In Carol Reed’s The Third Man, the sequence in which the police and their bait, Holly, anxiously wait for the arrival of their target, Harry, is full of suspense and displayed through over 25 shots in less than 3 minutes. The sequence captures the anxiousness and suspense experienced by all the characters through its quick cuts of empty streets, destroyed buildings, and dark shadows. The score of this sequence heavily influences the mood and different thematic elements of the scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Sequence Analysis of the Third Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through this nearly silent (almost no dialogue) segment, Reed brings the viewers into the scene through the perspectives of different characters surveying the empty, quiet and dark city of Vienna for the man they are trying to capture, Harry Lime. The first shot of this sequence is a fade-in of the cafe in which Holly is settling down while waiting for Harry. The signature zither music picks up again to indicate the suspense of patiently waiting to complete a set-up that will allow the police to arrest a criminal. It then cuts to inside the cafe where Holly anxiously sits and begins to look outside the window examining the ominous, empty streets of Vienna. This shot is a prime example of the unique askew camera placement used throughout the entire film. In this shot, like several others, the frame is angled quite awkwardly. This technique embodies the creation of a dark, odd and intense world in which noir films took place. The next shot takes us outside with a long pan from left to right. This shot puts us in the perspective of Holly as he slowly scopes out an empty street. This zoomed in pan accurately conveys Holly’s anxiety of Harry’s arrival, as he attentively searches the street for any signs of Harry. This cuts back to Holly who is moving closer to the window in order to get a better look down the streets. Then a quick cut puts us back to Holly’s perspective of the street and yet again we see a vacant, dark street. However this shot is still and focuses on the Vienna statuary. The next cut is of a policeman hiding among these statues. The juxtaposition of these two shots is a prime example of Carol Reed’s montage and genius editing choices. Holly closely looks at this landmark, which happens to be the police’s hideout. This allows the viewer to see the elaborate plan the police have created and be placed right in the middle of it. We are unable to see the police from the viewpoint of the meetings location but once zoomed in we can see them hidden in the depths off the shadows created by these large statues and columns. The shot of the policeman hidden along the statue cuts quickly to a shot of a still, dark street. The perspective then switches to that of the policeman. The next cut shows another policeman, this time zoomed in on his face. This shot has much more light on the policeman’s face. It is a close up shot from a lower viewpoint. This allows us to understand the different placements and hiding spots of these police officers that are waiting to capture their target. This then cuts again to this policeman’s view of the street. This rapid crosscutting of straight shots juxtaposed with angled shots of the policemen and their vantage points, alongside the portentous strumming of the zither creates a very ominous and suspenseful setting and mood. It places the viewer inside the set-up as if we too are silently and anxiously surveying the war-torn streets of Vienna for Harry Lime. This cuts to a shot that display’s Reed’s undeniable element of lighting. A police officer is placed in the center of the frame in profile. As he exhales, the low-key lighting picks up the fog created by his warm breath. This cuts again to the policeman’s vantage point down a dim alley. This cuts to another shot of a policeman with unique lighting. The lighting only allows the viewer to see the policeman’s nose and below. His eyes and forehead are hidden by the shadow of his hat, until he moves his eyes. The lighting allows us to see the whites of his eyes as they move from right to left across the frame. Only seeing his eyes as they move force us to follow his eyes and look into his vantage point that is seen in the next shot of another empty road. This cuts to a close up of another policeman’s face, where again the lighting picks up and reflects off of the fog. This quickly cuts to another empty street view, which then quickly cuts back to Holly. This shot of Holly is still angled awkwardly, only now we see Holly impatiently playing with his cup. The shot is important because it again shows us Holly’s fickle feelings towards the situation he is in. Throughout the film he has had difficulty deciding on whether or not to help the police bring in his friend Harry. This shot of Holly shows the internal debate he is experiencing in the mere three seconds it is seen. We then cut back to the first police officer in the statuary. His shadow is beautifully cast on the column next to him and our eyes are drawn to it. We see his shadow move as he notices something. This cuts to his vantage point of a street that is finally no longer empty. A giant shadow is emerging alongside a building. The menacing shadow stands two stories high. This creates a strong feeling of suspicion and fear, yielding an expectation by viewers and the police that the shadow will be Harry. The sight of a humongous shadow approaching sufficiently increases the suspense of the sequence. This cuts back to the policeman in what proves to be one of the most significant and well-filmed shots of the movie. It cuts to the same police officer who makes the first sound of the sequence; a simple â€Å"pssst†. This is to signal that Lime is approaching to someone below. The camera pans down below the officer, and zooms into a dark corner of the statuary covered by shadows. The lighting of this shot is incredible. As the shot zooms in to its closest point, the lighting reveals the hiding Calloway and Paine as they merge from the shadowy depths of the statuary. Not only is this shot brilliantly lit, but it also displays the film’s mise-en-scene of corruption. The two unscrupulous officers are standing underneath what was once beautiful religious statuary. Post-war Vienna is nothing like what it was and is now a depressing, crumbling, and corrupt city. Before the war, these officers would have been standing in beautiful religious architecture. Their emergence from the murky shadows represents the post-war ruin and corruption of the once beautiful city of Vienna. This then cuts back to the approaching giant shadow, as it closes in on the intersection, signifying the end of anticipation. The next shot is of a policeman leaning in to catch a view of to whom this shadow belongs. This quickly cuts to a short shot of Holly also leaning in to try and get a glimpse. The shot reinforces the suspense and anxiety, and moral dilemma Holly is experiencing while waiting to set up his friend. As the shadow makes the final steps before being revealed, the zither tone changes from the usual haunting strumming to a comical, upbeat, high-pitched progression. It is then revealed that this shadow is a simple balloon salesman. The sudden change in music completely rids all previous tension as the balloon vender makes his way around the corner. This shot symbolizes Reed’s fantastic visual language. All of the shots leading up to this leave the viewer with nothing but certainty that this approaching shadow will be Lime. We have chased him down before through his shadows so there is no reason to believe that the camera is playing a hoax on us. The viewer undoubtedly trusts the visual storytelling, due to Reed’s fantastic imagery and shots. Carol Reed’s rapid crosscuts are a unique tactic that delays the plot of the film, solely to shift all focus to the increase in tension. The quick, oddly angled shots bring the viewer into the elaborate set-up, following each police officer and Holly, along with their respective vantage points of the streets of Vienna as if we too are searching for Lime. This sequence proves to be powerful and suspenseful, as well as a direct reflection of Carol Reed’s brilliance. He is able to intensify the suspense of the film significantly through his elaborate camera work, montage, lighting, mise en scene and sound. This short sequence proves to be a noteworthy piece in the cinematic world, and embodies the genre of film noir in just two minutes. 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Big Five Personality Traits Essay Example For Students

Big Five Personality Traits Essay Big Five Personality Traits Essay The world of psychology attracts the attention of many people across the globe. One of the most interesting topics is the issue of personality traits. As you are well aware, these personal traits always define an individual’s behavior in different situations. Hence, we can conclude that a person’s personal traits tend to influence an individual’s performance in modern society. According to Lewis Goldberg, a prominent American psychologist who studied the area personality psychology, the primary factors of personality involve agreeableness, extroversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and finally, neuroticism. A prolific American scientist developed this particular theory and called it ‘Big Personality Traits’. It is important to mention that each of these personality traits can make a significant contribution to an individual’s performance. In this case, the word-combination ‘a significant contribution to an individualâ€℠¢s performance’ refers to the improvement of people’s social skills. Generally speaking, a given model introduced by Goldberg helps an individual define themselves and answer the question ‘Who are you?’. First Factor—Agreeableness The notion of ‘agreeableness’ refers to one of the most important personality traits of an individual that involves many behavioral characteristics such as kindness, sympathy, warmth, amiability, generosity, cooperation, and consideration. In psychology, this trait has great importance since it is a key factor of Big Five Personality theory. Many psychologists claim that a person who has a strong attitude for being agreeable is a people-oriented individual. Besides, this trait is closely associated with the elements of trust and altruism. Those who have a high level of agreeableness tend to have amazing social skills, and as a result, they do not have any troubles with different group interactions as well as collaboration with other people. In turn, many people with low level of agreeableness have another experience. In most cases, they face certain challenges while interacting with other people (even with their peers). In addition, a person with a low level of agreeable ness tends to have poor social skills, distrust other people, and stand aside from socializing. Some people, who have neither a high level of agreeableness nor a low level of agreeableness, may fall between these two alternatives. Every person can develop this particular trait in a gradual manner until their adulthood. In accordance with the numerous studies of the world psychologists, this factor – agreeableness – is usually low during the period of childhood and as well as teen period. However, they also claim that some kids and teenagers have a higher level of agreeableness than their peers who face great difficulties when they experience numerous stresses in their personal environment. Second Factor—Extroversion Another important factor introduced by Goldberg is known as ‘extroversion’, and it is no need to define this notion so as every alternative person can understand its meaning. When we hear the notion of ‘extroversion’, the opposite concept is known as ‘introversion’ comes to our minds. These two concepts are the key psychological dimensions that define the way people interact with one another as well as the manner people cooperate with the society where they live. It is impossible to mistake the concept of ‘extroversion’ for ‘introversion’ because they denote completely opposite things. The extroverts differ from the introverts in their ways of getting energy, processing their thoughts, connecting people, and introducing themselves to society. In simple words, an extrovert is always in the center of attention so as he/she experiences great content and full satisfaction being surrounded by different people. To the contrar y, the introverted people have only a few friends or individuals they can trust, and these personal connections are extremely meaningful for them. Contrary to the extroverts, such people tend to get personal energy by controlling their thoughts and actions. .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 , .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .postImageUrl , .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 , .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0:hover , .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0:visited , .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0:active { border:0!important; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0:active , .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0 .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub8f1d50c360edb633f203b44b46d22b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Imports in Agriculture EssayBelow you can find an example of how this particular factor can influence an individual’s social behavior. For instance, whereas those who are high in extroversion use their opportunities for social interaction and search for the new ones, the introverted people are often called ‘people of few words’ because of their introspectiveness, quietness, reserve, modesty, and thoughtfulness. Third Factor–Conscientiousness The concept of ‘conscientiousness’ should be explained in details because of its complicated and at the same time profound meaning. The majority of psychologists define the psychological notion of ‘conscientiousness’ as a person’s trait related to the ability to control their bursts and dashes in the ways accepted in society. What is more, such individuals, who score high in ‘conscientiousness’ are able to ‘wrangle’ their behavior in an effort to achieve the determined goals. According to the modern scientists working in the field of personality psychology, these ‘eager beavers’ stand out for their abilities to delay their personal delights, work in compliance with the established rules and procedures, and organize their working process effectively. Among the most common traits associated with consciousness, one can find the following characteristic features – persistency, ambitiousness, self-discipline, p redictability, consistency, reliability, and vigorousness. This trait is closely associated with the leadership skills of an individual, and that is why those who score high in consciousness tend to achieve great results in their careers. Fourth Factor–Openness to Experience Many psychologists provide different definitions of the fourth dimension of Big Five Traits theory, which is known as ‘openness to experience’. Even though there is a great number of psychological explanations of this particular concept, all of them are united by the same idea. This idea implies a very interesting hypothesis that people’s openness to experience greatly increases their chances to position themselves as true leaders and get the leadership role within their company. A vivid example of how the openness to experience contribute to an individual’s career success is related to one’s inner strength and inner strength. In contrast to the other personality traits, the openness to experience can hardly be changed over time. However, some people attempt to take significant efforts in an effort to cultivate this particular trait A given dimension involves various traits such as adventurousness, emotional sensitivity, aesthetic interest, imaginative thinking, and stores of learning as well. Fifth Factor–Neuroticism During this particular test, psychologists evaluate the neurotic patterns of a person to understand whether he/she feels comfortable in their own skin. The factor of neuroticism has more negative nature since it involves ‘bad’ character traits such as moodiness, pessimism, anxiety, jealousy, lack of confidence, self-criticism, and many others. This trait should be distinguished from other personality traits because of its strong relation to their  emotional stability of a person. The element of emotional stability is important not only for people’s private life but also for their career opportunities. Right or Not? The issue of ‘rightness’ of Big Five Traits theory is frequently discussed in the society. Even though many psychologists continue using this theoretical framework up to the present day, it is difficult to say whether this theory is the right one or not. The concept of human personality is a complex and unique phenomenon that still attracts significant attention of the world’s researchers. Indeed, an individual’s personality is shaped by 200 different traits. That is why scientists cannot agree that Big Five theory is the right model. However, they claim that Goldberg has developed the main infrastructure of human personality.

The Titanic Essays - RMS Titanic, Canada, Edwardian Era,

The Titanic On April 14,1912 a great ship called the Titanic sank on its maiden voyage. That night there were many warnings of icebergs from other ships. There seems to be a conflict on whether or not the warnings reached the bridge. We may never know the answer to this question. The greatest tragedy of all may be that there were not enough lifeboats for everyone on board. According to Walter Lord, author of The Night Lives On, the Titanic could have been saved in the very beginning of the crisis when the iceberg was first reported to the bridge. If First Officer Murdoch had steamed right at the iceberg instead of trying to avoid it, he might have saved the ship. The author feels there would have been a loud crash and anyone within the first one hundred feet would have been killed, but the ship would have remained afloat(82). This view was entirely speculation and we will never really know if this would have happened. In contrast, Geoffrey Marcus, author of The Maiden Voyage, suggests that the b ridge did not receive warning of the ice from the very beginning. One of the messages received was from the Masaba warning the Titanic of a mass of ice lying straight ahead. According to Marcus, the message never reached the bridge, but instead was shoved under a paper-weight (126). At 10:30 p.m. that evening, a ship going the opposite direction of the Titanic was sighted. This ship, the Rappahannock, had emerged from an ice field and had sustained damage to its rudder. The vessel signaled the Titanic about the ice and the Titanic replied that the message was received (Marcus 127). At 11 p.m. another ice report was received. This one was from the Californian. This liner had passed through the same ice field that the Rappahannock had reported to the Titanic. Like all the other warnings, this warning never reached the bridge though it was known to both of the Titanic's wireless operators (Marcus 128). By the time the bridge realized the ship was about to hit an iceberg, it was too lat e. Quartermaster Hitchens tried to turn the wheel hard to the starboard. Twenty seconds later, he had an order for full speed astern but the iceberg was too close. The starboard side hit the iceberg, bringing a block of ice onto the deck (Pellegrino 21). After the collision occurred, there was only one thing open for Captain Smith to do. It was almost midnight and he gave the order to take to the lifeboats (Lord, Lives On 82). This decision brought Captain Smith face-to-face with the fact that there were 2,201 people on board and enough lifeboats for only 1,178 people (Lord, Lives On 83). The Captain was going to have to make a choice as to who would be the first allowed on the lifeboats. Around 12:30 a.m. the bridge informed the crew that only women and children would be loaded on the lifeboats (Eaton,Haas,152). By 1:30 a.m., there was panic among some of the passengers. One example was on the port side of the boat. A group of passengers threatened to jump into a boat full of passengers. To scare them, one of the officers fired three shots on the ship's side. The warning proved to be successful. Nobody was injured and the passengers calmed down (Eaton and Haas 154). At the last moments with only forty seven available spaces on the last lifeboat, the crew instructed everyone to form a circle around the boat. Women and children were the only people permitted to pass through the circle. A little while after the last lifeboat left, the stern lifted clear out of the water with more than 1500 people still on board (Eaton and Haas 157-161). The climatic moment came at 2:20 a.m. The Titanic stood perpendicular to the water. As people in the lifeboats looked on, they noticed the ship stayed perpendicular for a minute and then disappeared to the bottom of the ocean (Lord, Lives on 137). Captain Rostron of the ship Carpathia determined the distance to the Titanic and quickly calculated the course to answer the Titanic's distress call (Eaton and Haas 177). Once the Carpathia

Conformity Essay essays

Conformity Essay essays Use some psychological studies of conformity to discuss reasons for conforming. According to Leon Mann, conformity means yielding to group pressures. Everyone is a member of one group or another and everyone expects members of these groups to behave in certain ways. If you are a member of an identifiable group you are expected to behave appropriately to it. If you dont confirm and behave appropriately you are likely to be rejected by the group. Like stereotypes, conforming and expecting others to conform maintains cognitive balance. There are several kinds of conformity. Many studies of conformity took place in the 1950s which led Kelman to distinguish between compliance, internalisation and identification. Compliance is the type of conformity where the subject goes along with the group view, but privately disagrees with it. Internalisation is where the subject comes to accept, and eventually believes in the group view. Identification is where the subject accepts and believes the group view, because he or she wants to become Leon Mann identifies normative conformity which occurs when direct group pressure forces the individual to yield under the threat of rejection or the promise of reward. This can occur only if someone wants to be a member of the group or the groups attitudes or behaviour are important to the individual in some way. Apart from normative conformity there is informational conformity which occurs where the situation is vague or ambiguous and because the person is uncertain he or she turns to others for evidence of the appropriate response. Thirdly, Mann identifies ingratiational conformity which occurs where a person tries to do whatever he or she thinks the others will approve in order to gain acceptance (if you make yourself appear to be similar to someone else, they might come to like you). The first major research into conformity was conducted ...

The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China

The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China By the beginning of 1644, all of China was in chaos. The severely weakened Ming Dynasty was desperately trying to hold on to power, while a rebel leader called Li Zicheng declared his own new dynasty after capturing the capital city of Beijing. In these dire circumstances, a Ming general decided to issue an invitation for the ethnic Manchus of north-eastern China to come to the countrys aid, and retake the capital city.  This would prove to be a fatal mistake for the Ming. The Ming general Wu Sangui probably should have known better than to ask the Manchus for help. They had been fighting one another for the previous 20 years; at the Battle of Ningyuan in 1626, the Manchu leader Nurhaci had received his fatal injury fighting against the Ming. In the years that followed, the Manchus repeated raided Ming China, capturing key northern cities, and defeating the crucial Ming ally Joseon Korea in 1627 and again in 1636. In both 1642 and 1643, Manchu bannermen drove deep into China, seizing territory and loot. Chaos Meanwhile, in other parts of China, a cycle of catastrophic floods on the Yellow River, followed by wide-spread famine, convinced ordinary Chinese people that their rulers had lost the Mandate of Heaven. China needed a new dynasty. Beginning in the 1630s in the northern Shaanxi province, a minor Ming official called Li Zicheng gathered followers from the disenchanted peasantry. In February of 1644, Li captured the old capital of Xian and declared himself the first emperor of the Shun Dynasty.  His armies marched east, capturing Taiyuan and heading toward Beijing. Meanwhile, further south, another rebellion led by the army deserter Zhang Xianzhong unleashed a reign of terror that included capturing and killing several Ming imperial princes and thousands of civilians. He set himself up as the first emperor of the Xi Dynasty based in Sichuan Province in southwest China later in 1644. Beijing Falls With growing alarm, the Chongzhen Emperor of Ming watched the rebel troops under Li Zicheng advance toward Beijing. His most effective general, Wu Sangui, was far away, north of the Great Wall. The emperor sent for Wu, and also issued a general summons on April 5 for any available military commander in the Ming Empire to come to Beijings rescue. It was no use- on April 24, Lis army broke through the city walls and captured Beijing.  The Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself from a tree behind the Forbidden City. Wu Sangui and his Ming army were on their way to Beijing, marching through the Shanhai Pass at the eastern end of the Great Wall of China.  Wu received word that he was too late, and the capital had already fallen. He retreated to Shanhai.  Li Zicheng sent his armies to confront Wu, who handily defeated them in two battles. Frustrated, Li marched out in person at the head of a 60,000-strong force to take on Wu. It was at this point that Wu appealed to the closest large army nearby- the Qing leader Dorgon and his Manchus. Curtains for the Ming Dorgon had no interest in restoring the Ming Dynasty, his old rivals. He agreed to attack Lis army, but only if Wu and the Ming army would serve under him instead. On May 27, Wu agreed. Dorgon sent him and his troops to attack Lis rebel army repeatedly; once both sides in this Han Chinese civil battle were worn out, Dorgon sent his riders around the flank of Wus army. The Manchu set upon the rebels, quickly overcoming them and sending them flying back toward Beijing. Li Zicheng himself returned to the Forbidden City and grabbed all the valuables he could carry. His troops looted the capital for a couple of days and then scampered west on June 4, 1644, ahead of the advancing Manchus. Li would only survive until September of the following year, when he was killed after a series of battles with Qing imperial troops. Ming pretenders to the throne continued to try to rally Chinese support for restoration for several decades after the fall of Beijing, but none gained much support. The Manchu leaders quickly reorganized the Chinese government, adopting some aspects of Han Chinese rule such as the civil service exam system, while also imposing Manchu customs such as the queue hairstyle on their Han Chinese subjects. In the end, the Manchus Qing Dynasty would rule China right up to the end of the imperial era, in 1911. Causes of Ming Collapse One major cause of the Ming collapse was a succession of relatively weak and disconnected emperors. Early in the Ming period, the emperors were active administrators and military leaders. By the end of the Ming era, however, the emperors had retreated into the Forbidden City, never venturing out at the head of their armies, and seldom even meeting in person with their ministers. A second reason for the collapse of the Ming was the huge expense in money and men of defending China from its northern and western neighbors. This has been a constant in Chinese history, but the Ming were particularly concerned because they had only just won China back from Mongol rule under the Yuan Dynasty.  As it turned out, they were right to worry about invasions from the north, although this time it was the Manchus who took power. A final, huge cause was the shifting climate and disruptions to the monsoon cycle of rains. Heavy rains brought devastating floods, particularly of the Yellow River, which swamped farmers land and drowned livestock and people alike. With crops and stock destroyed, the people went hungry, a sure-fire prescription for peasant uprisings. Indeed, the fall of the Ming Dynasty was the sixth time in Chinese history that a long-standing empire was brought down by peasant rebellion following famine.

The father and son motif in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel Essay

The father and son motif in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel - Essay Example Ironically, the way in which this motif permeates the poem gives rise to nearly all of the stages of the story. This essay will argue that the father-son motif in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel demonstrates the implicit vulnerability of all patriarchal relationships; more particularly, this essay will explain how Dryden employs the father-son motif in order to highlight the danger of a patriarch loving uncritically, the danger of a patriarch offering mercy and restraint to enemies, and the painful burdens that patriarchal figures must endure if they are to survive in such a role. The poem begins almost as an apology; it is apologetic because patriarchs and fathers are forgiven in advance for the miseries to be encountered in the current age. This reference to simpler times is introduced in the first few lines, when Dryden offers that, "In pious times, ere priestcraft did begin, Before polygamy was made a sin; When man on many multiplied his kind, Ere one to one was cursedly confined; When nature prompted, and no law denied, Promiscuous use of concubine and bride;" (1-6). The implication is that there was a time when fatherhood implied no predominant obligation; indeed, this reference to pious times views the father-son relationship without the imposition of certain conditions or risks. Having a generalized duty to many people, being promiscuous and without the curse of being confined, the father may pursue his life freely. The patriarch, in short, may interact with others when nature prompts, he may choose and discard his relationships arbitrarily, and he wi ll not be judged a legitimate or illegitimate father by others. The pious times, in effect, were without negative consequences. These pious times, on the other hand, are at an end. The father-son motif, particularly with the birth of Absalom, demonstrates the most immediate vulnerability of patriarchy. Patriarchal consequences arise and vest most forebodingly with the birth of Absalom. The indifference notable in pious times is notably absent; quite the contrary, King David, was borne a son described as "So beautiful, so brave,Whether inspired by some diviner lust, His father got him with a greater gust; Or that his conscious destiny made way, By manly beauty, to imperial sway" (18-22). The "imperial sway" language is particularly significant; it is significant because King David is creating a special place in his heart and in his monarchy for Absalom. There is no longer any indifference; more interesting, the son has been elevated to a position higher than that enjoyed by either King David's other children or by King David's subjects. It is easy to ascribe the villainy to come to Achitophel, and yet the first sign of a faction is created by the father himself. To be more precise, rather than maintaining a strictly patriarchal relation to all men, King David instead elevated the s on whom would later become his enemy and the cause of much sadness. Thus, if Achitophel might be blamed for taking advantage of this father-son relationship, then King David must accept responsibility for having given so much favor to Absalom in the

Sustainable Development in Malaysia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sustainable Development in Malaysia - Essay Example In 1987, the Montreal Protocol enforces countries to avoid the usage of CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) and different substances that lead to the ozone depletion. It is foreseen that CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) usage is reduced substantially then the ozone layer would probably be repaired itself by 2050. According to the Agenda 21, it is concluded that the ozone layer is essential for life. In the absence of ozone, no life would be possible on earth. In order to maintain and achieve increased sustainable development, it is essential to keep ozone layer protected. Sustainable development is referred as the way of determining and sustaining human needs. It also includes the preservation of environment for present life and future generations. Similarly, it is considered that the efficient use of available resources ensures their availability in the future. Sustainable development can be defined as the processes that ensures fulfillment of the present necessities without putting in danger the capacity of future generations to fulfill their own needs. In case of the targets being achieved, many problems will arise that can result in the reduction of capacity of generating anything new. The basic issues that the sustainable development projects are going through is that some times companies have to take actions and make decisions that seem to be non-profitable in the short term, but they ensure long-term sustainability. Similarly, the society should act in a responsible manner and make its efforts to preserve the environment by supporting plantati on that would probably help to reduce ozone destruction. Pusat Tenaga Malaysia was established on 12 May 1998, known to be Malaysia’s Green Technology Corporation (GreenTech Malaysia). It is a registered as an independent and non-profitable organization that is responsible for green energy in Malaysia that is under the Ministry of

Things Fall Apart Essay Example for Free

Things Fall Apart Essay Chinua Achebe’s novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† tells the story of Okonkwo, an ambitious man from the Igbo village of Umuofia, in modern day Nigeria at the onset of the Colonial era. Okonkwo is a rising member of the society until he inadvertently kills a kinsman and must flee for seven years to his mother’s clan so as not to offend the earth goddess of the village. During this time, British Colonialism reaches the Igbo people and quickly alters their traditional way of life. Through this tale of the Igbo Achebe seeks to illustrate the complexities of African societies and how deeply these African societies were affected by Colonialism. Many Europeans entering Africa during the colonial period viewed African society as â€Å"primitive† and lacking the depth of western society. Achebe’s novel seeks to illustrate that far from being unstructured and chaotic, African society was very complex. Umuofian society was not parceled into different spheres of practice but instead maintained a delicate balance in which all aspects of society, from religion to gender roles, are intertwined in order to keep the society running smoothly. The village was lead by elders or men â€Å"of title† who earned their status mostly through personal achievements rather than inheritance (Achebe, 7). Achievements, wisdom, and age all merited respect. Essentially, this respect was a type of social capital that the man could exchange for political capital in a informal power structure. At times this leadership structure was stronger than others. Sometimes the elders of the village were distinguished in their position of authority, such as the times they perform religious tasks for the community. However, even when the role of the village leaders if defined they feel a responsibility to the community, as the only members of the society qualified to fill such prescribed roles. These social responsibilities did not officially come with their titles. Umuofia seemed to function on a consent basis, meaning that each person had to choose to keep society running smoothly. It was not uncommon for all the men to be called together to make a collective decision. For example, all the men of Umuofia were called to one large corporate meeting to decide a course of action when a neighboring village murdered a woman from their village. At this meeting, the elders of the community had no official political distinction, however, the respect accorded them by their social position helped their voices to be heard. Consent and collectivity were major facets of the Umuofian society that allowed for informal leadership. For example it is said that the â€Å"the village [collectively] imposes† a fine on anyone who lets his cow loose (Achebe, 68). The reason that Igbo society could function with such informal structure was the importance and knowledge of traditions. These traditions were taught to the children and young adults so that they would be able to participate in the script of village life. It is almost as if these formal traditions allowed for the informal leadership structure by tacking the role as the backbone of society. Nearly all aspects of life in the village were run by such formal traditions. For example, upon receiving a visitor, the owner of the house always presented a Kola nut, which they ate together as a sign of hospitality. The meeting of all the men is an additional example of this tradition because it was organized by a system of drums and â€Å"callers† under the expectation that the people would be able to interpret the call (Achebe, 8). There is social power in knowledge of these traditions. Kinship was an additional level of social control in the village of Umuofia and had two social consequences. Kinship was traced through patrilineage, with great respect given to the eldest male members of the family. This familial hierarchy reproduced the traditions that dictated social interactions by instilling these customs in the younger generations. The second consequence was the ties of kinship that connected the nine Igbo villages. While descent and clanship was traced through the father’s line, intermarriage among the villages created ties to the mother’s village and connected multiple clans. In this way, the Igbo society maintained nine autonomous, though interlinked, villages without a direct formal hierarchy of social or political power such, as a head chief or king between them. The greatest of all elders were the ancient ancestors and founders of Umuofia. These ancestors essentially filled the highest political roles in the village. They resided as judges over disputes and gave advice in troubled times. In this way it was not necessary, and would in fact have been an insult to the ancestors, for a man to fill the highest political role in the village because the ancestors had the final power anyway (Achebe, 55-57). It was said that â€Å"the land of the living was not far removed from the domain of the ancestor† and that â€Å"a man’s life from birth to death†¦brought him nearer and nearer to the ancestors† (Achebe, 73). The deep complexity of Umuofian society meant that colonialism’s effects were devastating to the village’s way of life. The British administration which colonized the area did not understand the Umuofian traditions and instead decided to treat them like children who needed to be taught the proper ways of society (Achebe, 109). The beliefs and practices of the Christian missionaries were especially in contradiction to the traditions and beliefs that structured Umuofian society because the missionaries considered the ancestors to be false gods. They preached against them and effectively left the society without leaders. The colonial administration always saw situations from their perspective. As Achebe says â€Å"they had built a court where the district commissioner judged cases in ignorance† (99). For example, the British punished the elders of the clan for destroying the missionaries’ church because they thought they had the responsibility to keep order in the colony, while the clan leaders had thought they too were keeping order in the community by avenging the death of an ancestor and had the right to do so because it was their community. To compare the political structures of these two cultural groups, in Britain one person had ultimate political power, and society enforced this power, while Umuofian society required cooperation of all members and thus, I believe, showed a greater level of social integration than Britain, which relied heavily on its chain of command in order to function. Because of the intricacies of Umuofian society Britain was able to destabilize the whole of Umuofian society simply by affecting certain aspects of the society. Inversely the Umuofians would have had to dispose of the Queen of England to bring down the colonialists.

Free Essays on A Dolls House: Marital Lessons :: Dolls House essays

Marital Lessons from A Doll's House    Divorce has become widely accepted throughout the world. In today's world, the violent shredding of a family is shrugged off like the daily weather.   The Norwegian play A Doll's House, by Henrik Ibsen, is a prime example of a marriage that didn't work. The marriage of Torvald and Nora Helmer had many problems because the husband and wife couldn't discover the secrets of marital bliss. To keep a marriage alive and growing it must hold true to four qualities: love, communication, trust and loyalty, and perseverance. With the incorporation of these qualities any marriage would work.    Without love a relationship would probably not even begin. Two people meet, a friendship forms, and soon a romance blossoms. Though the basis for Nora and Torvald's relationship appeared to be centered around love, the needed balance was not obtained. Torvald didn't really love Nora; to him she was just another child to mind. He said, 'And I wouldn't want you to be any different from what you are-just my sweet little song bird. But now I come to think of it, you look rather-rather-how shall I put it? -rather as if you've been up to mischief today' ( 151). Calling his wife names such as 'skylark,' 'squirrel,' and 'spendthrift,' Torvald does not love his wife with the respect and sensitivity a man should. The main area where Torvald showed his lack of love for Nora was in the way he managed his house. Torvald was the owner of what he believed to be a perfect doll house. This doll house was first controlled by Nora's domineering father, and once Nora entered marriage, the titles and dee ds to this doll house were handed over to Torvald. Torvald manipulated Nora, and then the children through her according to his wants, sure that he could never lose control over his precious doll house. This lack of love and imperious attitude would eventually ruin their marriage. Nora was the only one of the two partners who showed love for the other in this play. Going against all the odds a woman faced in the late nineteenth century, Nora went behind her husband's back, borrowed a large sum of money, forged her father's signature, and went on to pay it off with hopes of Torvald never hearing of it. She refused to be a doll, and would alternate personalities between 'Torvald's little skylark,' and 'Nora the intelligent and strong woman.

Case Garuda Indonesia Essay

In spite of the rapid growth in both passengers the traffic and fleet during the oil boom of the 1970’s, thus making it the â€Å"largest airline in the Southern Hemisphere†, Garuda, as it was known then, had been plagued by a bad reputation as well as heavy losses year after year. Having been a member of Mr. Lumenta’s management team of Garuda since November 17, 1984, Mr. Soeparno had the opportunity to involve himself with the management in its efforts to develop and implement new strategies to turn around the airline, which posted a net loss of U.S.$7 million in 1984 (exhibit 9), into profitability. He was therefore very pleased to see the company making a profit for the first time in more than a decade, to the tune of a modest rupiah 300 million (exhibit1). This result confirmed Mr. Soeparno’s confidence in the effectiveness of the policies adopted by Mr. Lumenta upon the latter’s appointment as President Director of Garuda in 1984. As the newly appointed President of Garuda, Mr. Soeparno is caught in the middle of a dilemma of whether to continue Mr. Lumenta’s successful policies or to formulate a new set of policies which would enhance the company’s ability to deal with the challenges it may face during his term and beyond. I. CENTRAL PROBLEM The weaknesses of their system were the manually produced passenger tickets and failure of reservation system. II. AREAS OF COSIDERATION a. Strength †¢ Good management †¢ Their business was expanding †¢ Higher Economic growth †¢ Biggest airlines in the Southern Hemisphere b. Weakness †¢ System weakness †¢ Not customer oriented TIME CONTEXT: January 6, 1988 SUMMARY: On January 6, 1988, Mr. Mohammad Soerparno (50) was appointed by the c. Opportunities †¢ Better condition of world’s economy †¢ The progress in business climate in Indonesia d. Threats †¢ Uncertain economic situation †¢ Increasing competition ANALYSIS Mr. Lumenta is a very hardworking and a responsible business man. He is a role model of the business industry, he find ways to settle the problems of the company, maintaining the stability the airlines is his one objective. Maintaining the stability of a company is not that easy, they encounter up’s and down. But in the case of the Garuda Indonesia they are the most prestige airlines in the country, they are the top among their competitors. III. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION I have therefore conclude that the best solution to the problem is In every business, negative and positive feedback of customer is always there. It is one of the reasons why company’s relay’s on their feedback, to know what the other ways are their going to accomplish just to satisfy their customer wants. Satisfying customers is one of the important, because your business cannot stand alone without them. Through them your business will evolve. As a recommendation, in order for that your customer will be sincere in your company you should show nice treatment to him, always prioritize you customer and new offers or new environment is one of the reason why customer is always constant to your company.

Allegory or Reflective Metamorphic Essay on What Ways I am a Prisoner

Waking up in the morning is may be the easiest part of my day. Going through the whole day, every day of my life is the hardest. This is the life of a prisoner, but I am not the typical behind-the-bars crook; I am a prisoner of my own life, with just a peephole as my only chance of escape. It’s not that I hate my life or people around me, it’s just that, I think I could be more than what I am today, that continuing this kid of life that I have is like wasting precious sands of the hour glass.This is not some wild imagination, not just some long shot hope, for I am now creating away out of this prison, making the peephole wider, so that my body could go through. I am currently employed full time, living a life with my family of three kids, one is 8 years old, another 2 years old, and the youngest is just 10 months old. I can say that I can go by everyday with what I do for a living, but still, there are some things missing in my life. I can feel it – even though I can’t see it, I know that it does exist.That’s the point where I realized that I am living my life in prison. Something is hindering me from freedom, from fully discovering myself and my potentials. Even though I have a happy family, it is like its being overshadowed by that desire to break free from prison. A life in prison for me is a typical day doing the same things over and over again. I wake up; spend a little time with my beloved family, and eventually spending the biggest chunk of my day at the work place. Sometimes, I ask myself, does everyone feel like this.Am I supposed to be doing the same things over and over again, spending my time alone, away from my family in order to make some money? I kept asking this question for so many times, but still, the answer just won’t pop in my head. What do I need to do? I feel like I am behind the cold steel bars, locked up away from the real world, forced to live a life under a routine, doing the same things over and over again for so many days. Not a day was different, with no means of escape, no way to fight for my way out.I was living a life of a free man struggling to be freed from an unknown prison which only he knows about it. By the end of the day, I am exhausted, drained to the bones. I can’t spend more time with my family because I have to sleep in order to wake up early for tomorrow’s work. I wanted to spend more time with them, but I can’t; I think this is a consequence of being a prisoner (Anonymous). You can’t decide on the things you really want to do. You have to go by the routine, or else you’ll suffer. For me, suffering is hard because it will not be felt by me alone.It will also affect my family, my loved ones, because they depend on me for sustenance so that they could grow into healthy, normal, free people. I think about them so much, and then I realize that I can’t stop now. I shouldn’t be selfish; if I only think about my self, then my family will suffer. I think a lot, maybe this is what prisoners do with their spare time. Unfortunately, thinking a lot also has its consequences. It keeps me from falling asleep, which is very bad in my case. You see, sleeping has been the only luxury that a prisoner can enjoy.He can be at peace with himself and with his surroundings. He is at ease, blissfully resting the night through, wishing that it would be longer so that his tired body will regain its energy to the fullest. It also gives the prisoner something that he could hold on to for a while, something that he could really treasure. Being in prison you learn to value sleeping because it is where his dreams are made. Dreams for me come in different forms. It could be about the things that make me happy, or be about my family’s happy moments.Sometimes, it could bring about nightmares, but I’ve learned that if you live a life of a prisoner, you learn not to fear these nightmares. Sleeping is only about dreams, and these dreams not only bring about happiness, it can also give you a little bit of hope, and maybe a glimpse of what lies ahead in the future. There was one time when I dreamt about my life, about being a prisoner (Brians). It gave me a clear view of what my real problem was, the reason I became a prisoner in my own life. It was because of my lack of education which has brought me behind bars.It gave me a clear mental picture of what it’s like if had finished schooling. I could be someone else, be someone better. I could have a chance in landing a better job, and possibly a better life. I can make the most of what I do, and I can make my family happier. It wasn’t just a dream because it showed me the way. It is reality – I can make everything real. Everything is possible, as long as I believe that I can. Armed with the dream of finishing school, I packed up everything I need. It would require all of my wits, my confidence and my willingness to p ursue this dream. Luckily, I have everything I need with me.That’s why I took the step which I know would take me out of this prison. Through the small peephole of my dream, I will make a larger hole, in which I can pass through and be free from this prison. It was the lack of education that has kept me well behind bars. It’s now my time to escape. Works Cited: Anonymous. â€Å"Prison Vs. Work†. 2007. September 15 2007. . Brians, Paul. â€Å"Plato: The Allegory of the Cave, from the Republic†. 1998. September 15 2007. .

buy custom Digital Literacy essay

buy custom Digital Literacy essay Computer literacy in the work place requires prove through numerous certifications (EDC, 2005). The certifications to prove digital literacy include ICDL, ECDL, IC, and GDLC. The curricula for certification often changes with the changing technology making it necessary for people to re-certify in order to remain competitive with the changing technology (Bawden and Robinson, 2008). The major aspect of digital literacy to consider is the impact it has in the society today. Digital literacy has profound benefits in the world today and in the countries where the level of digital literacy is high. Most of the jobs today require the knowledge to use computers and use the internet to perform basic functions. Companies recruiting people in the workforce therefore require people with this knowledge and require certifications from those they are to employ. People with digital literacy therefore will be more likely to get employment in the growing number of companies using digital technology (EDC, 2005). A growing number of companies are dealing with innovations, development, and maintenance of digital technology. The companies are requiring employees who must be proficient with the digital technology. Job recruiters mostly look for potential employees in the internet. People with digital literacy are therefore more likely to be economically stable as compared to those who are illiterate in egards to digital technology (Bawden and Robinson, 2008). Countries with the high level of digital literacy, e.g. China are doing well in terms of economy while the countries with low level of digital literacy are struggling with their economy, e.g. most third world countries (Gilster, 1997). Digital literacy has had major impacts on the education sector (Bawden and Robinson, 2008). Students need to get information on the current technological advancements in the world. In order to get the information students require digital literate teacher and the use of computers in classrooms to make sure the students get the right and adequate information on the matter (Bawden and Robinson, 2008). Digital technology has made research done by students easy, students are able to access millions of databases found online on the subject of research using search engines such as Google. Libraries are also increasingly hosted online making access of information easier to students. Students are also able to interact with students worldwide exchanging ideas, which help in the advancement of education and innovations (Education Development Centre 2005). Digital literacy has enhanced communication between different people. Mobile phone technology has made it possible for people to communicate at any given time, anywhere in the world (EDC, 2005). A social network such as Facebook helps friends and family reconnect and stay in touch with each other. Social networks have provided the avenue where people pass timely important information. News also spread faster with the use of digital technology. Digital technology has also made it possible for the digital literate to buy and sell goods easily through the internet. Digital literacy therefore improves on the social life of the digitally literate persons. Digital literacy has also some negative effects on the society. Digital technology resulted to crimes such as cybercrimes. This includes cyber bullying and computer piracy among others. Digital literacy has also made it easier for crimes like fraud and conning (Bowden, Robinson2008). The major factor affecting digital literacy is the access to digital technology (Bawden and Robinson, 2008). Improving on the development of the digital technology and thus providing access of the technology would be the major boost towards digital literacy. Conclusion Digital literacy has many benefits to a country as it generally helps in improving the economy of a country. Countries where digital literacy is high do well economically (Gilster, 1997). Although digital literacy has its disadvantages, the benefits outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore, it should be a duty of every individual and country to seek digital literacy. Buy custom Digital Literacy essay

Analysis Of Learning Style And The Implications For Teaching Education Essay

Analysis Of Learning Style And The Implications For Teaching Education Essay This piece of writing is designed to explore how I learn as a student Radiographer and how this could potentially affect the way I teach future Radiographers upon graduation. This will allow me to understand, rethink and improve my methods of teaching that will benefit and not hinder learning of the students I would be teaching. Learning is all about new skills and new information, through purposeful change or through new experiences (Reece and Walker, 2003). Kolb’s experiential learning theory was designed in order to stage learning and understand how people perceived and processed new knowledge. Kolb created a learning cycle that consisted of concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation which could be entered at any point in response to a learning activity depending on the individual preference (Kolb and Kolb, 2005). According to Honey and Mumford (1992) learners can be placed into four categories, Activist, Reflector, T heorist and Pragmatist. The usual outcome is that learners are a part of all four but dominate more in one. It is even possible to adapt to different learning styles to cope with different learning situations (Fatt, 2000). In order to discover how I perceive challenges, interact with them and respond to them it is important to outline what my learning style is as people can perceive learning experiences in many different ways. Having completed the structured approach to learning styles questionnaire, it shows that I dominate more in the reflective learning style and closely followed by theorist (see appendix 2). As a reflective learner I tend to reflect on my experiences and think hard before finishing any work. I consider any implications before the activity and like to listen to and observe other people before doing it myself (Honey and Mumford, 1992) and this is exactly how I learn in practice and everyday life. This is not the ideal type of learning in some situations especially in practice. As stated above reflectors learn better when they can be allowed to stand back and observe, allowed to think, prepare, then review what has happened afterwards. An example of when this can be detrimental to reflective learners is when radiographers have to modify their technique for plain film examinations. I cannot begin to modify a technique until I have seen it being performed; this is also true of learning how to use radiographic equipment which will be a disadvantage for when I qualify in the fact I would need to consider the technique for a while before doing it. In a busy department reflective learning cannot always happen, this type of learning takes time which is not always possible when there are time constraints and when staff are very busy. Another problem that could occur is that staff may think that the student does not want to participate or learn and that they are shying away but in reality the student wants to observe something before they participate which is not the fault of the student. In clinical practice this learning style can actually be a learning barrier to students and will take longer to learn new experiences. Although sometimes in a busy environment, just being able to observe from afar is sometimes more helpful to the reflective learner. Other barriers to learning for reflectors in practice is past negative experiences, lack of time within a busy environment, lack of support from the radiographers, lack of clear intent of what the learner is supposed to be doing, high expectations of knowledge and technique and being within a hostile environment (Downie and Basford, 2003). These barriers can prevent reflection so this learning activity will remain negatively in the reflective learners mind (Downie and Basford, 2003). But being in a clinical environment is still the best way to learn such a skill as radiography and this will still benefit reflective learners and indeed all learners despite the few barriers that exist (Gopee, 2008).

Reflecting imaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflecting imaging - Essay Example Cameras form the central part in understanding the image formation processes. The analogue forms the start of modern imagery with components remaining the same over the years. The principle of using reflected light from the object still forms the integral part in image formation. Some cameras such as those used at night in infrared radiation detection are one of the few types that do not use the same principle of reflection target object. Significant similarity between human eyes and digital cameras is very clear. Capturing, storage and display of the images has improved overtime with current images store in data form and displayed on the camera.in the article, an explanation of digitisation and the processes involved such as quantisation and sampling has remained elaborated. The article further explains terms and problems associated with this digitisation. Imaging is a form of visual representation of an object or reproduction of the same visual object. Reflection is the property of waves changing direction by bouncing off the surface of object as they cannot pass through or get absorbed. The bouncing of light is the most common and it is important in image formation even to human eyes. Reflected light imaging is the process of forming images when electro-optical waves bounce from the target to the camera or recording device. However, transmission imaging involves waves passing through the object before reaching the camera or recording device. In this imaging technique, the images produced depend on the absorption and reflective properties of the object at the specific wavelength of the incident light. Classification of images leads to an image being a digital or analogue image based their properties. Digital image relates to visual illustration of an object in an electronic form that can remains manipulated and stored by electronic devices, which are 2D image I[r, c]. These kinds of images are tangible but have

Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com - Research Paper Example The research paper "Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com" talks about the path of Jeff Bezos who has established the Amazon in 1994, and what great decisions brought this company to the current success. Jeff Bezos underlines in his interviews that he is a really happy person and he says that it is necessary to be an optimistic person otherwise no positive results are reached. The risk is a controversial issue for Bezos. He claims that to found an enterprise is a rather risky activity and the largest risks should be eliminated at once. To be an entrepreneur is to have an appropriate mind for it otherwise it is very difficult to solve different problems and to make different solutions. Bezos tells that he has learned the importance of self-reliance from his early childhood. His grandfather told him that it was necessary to rely on oneself and support oneself by one’s own methods and strategies. There is no one around but you to fix a current breakage or to solve a current problem. A constant search for new opportunities is a perfect perspective for solving potential challenges or business hazards. Jeff Bezos demonstrates his flexible management nature and his ability to adapt new strategies of leadership and management. When Amazon had to deal with financial challenges of the Company in 2002, it should have dealt with more than $3 billion operating losses. With respect to the experienced challenges and losses of the Company, it is possible to outline the key elements of the Amazon’s business model.... Risk is a controversial issue for Bezos. He claims that to found an enterprise is rather risky activity and the largest risks should be eliminated at once. To be an entrepreneur is to have appropriate mind for it otherwise it is very difficult to solve different problems and to make different solutions. Bezos tells that he has learnt the importance of self-reliance from his early childhood. Thus, his grandfather told him that it was necessary to rely on oneself and support oneself by one’s own methods and strategies. There is no one around but you to fix a current breakage or to solve a current problem. Moreover, it is relevant to work with an open and a creative mind. A constant search for new opportunities is a perfect perspective for solving potential challenges or business hazards. Jeff Bezos demonstrates his flexible management nature and his ability to adapt new strategies of leadership and management. When Amazon had to deal with financial challenges of the Company in 2 002, it should have dealt with more than $3 billion operating losses. Therefore, with respect to the experienced challenges and losses of the Company it is possible to outline the key elements of the Amazon’s business model. The superiority of Amazon in the online market cannot be denied, because Internet was not captured by large book sellers till 1994. Brand establishment of the Company was dependant on advertising. Moreover, a spirit of community is evident on the Web site of Amazon (Isckia 2009, p. 334). The Company publishes different reviews of the customers and provides other interested persons with reliable reactions of other readers. Tastes of their customers are reviewed and the Company is able to

LEARY ENG 105 PAPER 2 RITUAL ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LEARY ENG 105 PAPER 2 RITUAL ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Even to those without a slight idea of the lyrics to the song, but having the tune with them, singing to the song becomes fun, interesting, and captivating. Equipped with adjustable light, the heart broken singer could opt to sing for the moment in a dimly lit room, or bright room. Over time, the meaning of the light has changed, where dimly lit or darkness signifies the intentions of ending the relationship. A brightly lit room, despite the singer singing his lout to the lost relationship, signifies a hopeful rejoinder. Thus, as the boys sing, they express their wishes about their sour relationship. Typically, a normal Chinese teenage relationship involves fantasies, dreams, and ambitions. Some of the very serious relationships ironically have even marriage proposals, with the partners expressing deep desires of settling down. However, few, if any survive through the teenage period, characterized by adventures and numerous crushes. Without adequacy in the definition of periods when the modern Chinese boys and girls can date, many boys find themselves in this booth. Whenever a relationship hits the rocks, the affected boy, unifying with his closest friends, takes to the booth to sing for his gone love. The music, meant to heal the wound, takes the form of sad love songs, ones that commemorate the day. Some however opt for the songs they used to sing to their girlfriends when in the relationship, honoring the person and the chance they had to love them. Although this ritual convey a sense of femininity, it actually offer a space for boys to ignore strict gender code and emotional abreact their anger and fragility. To the young men, singing sad songs in KTV is representative of their softy selves, a different form of masculinity in these men. The use of the Karaoke TV to the Chinese boys liberates them from the traditional concept of recovery, involving silence, subsequently redefining

Feasibility Study On Le Diner Restaurant

Feasibility Study On Le Diner Restaurant There are various approaches that can be deliberate for considering project feasibility and vital consideration necessary for each feasibility methods. The purpose of this study is not to solve the problem, but to decide whether the problem is worth solving. It includes tests such as Operational, Technical, Economic and Schedule feasibility. Operational feasibility study tests the operational range of the new information system before it is going to be established. The requested new system must have high operational feasibility and the usability will be high as well. With the start of the new system, will the restaurants employees (waitresses, owners) be fully involved in making and processing the new system? Is the current paper-based system well liked and efficiently and effectively been used, and are they comfortable using the existing system? Do the waitresses and the owners Frank Anderson, Gina Wong and Wayne OConner support the project? Will they see the need for a modification for the existing paper-based system? Will there be any new request from the owners using the system or required any new modifications after the new system been made? Will the new system be secure from viruses? And no further changes will be made in the future? Technical Feasibility This feasibility study deliberates about the technical requirements of the new proposed system for the restaurant which will effectively satisfy the employees. Considerations of the technical requirements are then compared to the technical capability of the restaurant. Software, hardware and network settings must be installed in part of the new system invention; can the Le Diner Restaurant obtain those kinds on production? Will there be a prototype for the new system, and will there be a trial to try on before building the actual system? Do the staff and owners have the skills and experience in other words practical knowledge in IT; do they have an IT background? If not, can it be learned and taught? Will the new system incorporate with other company information systems? Will the combination of hardware and software supply sufficient routine and performance? Does the new system available and has been made by other IT professional before and does the technology even exists at all? Economic Feasibility Economic feasibility involves a method and also an effort to make sure whether or not it is consistent and likely to complete. This feasibility basically evaluating the efficiency of the new system, where it analysed the new system costs and incomes as well as benefits of the proposed system and whether it will be greater than its lifetime costs, in other words it must be an accurate weigh for the cost versus the benefits before taking any action. To determine the total cost of ownership, estimation costs must be done for: The management, IT team and employees Training personnel Hardware such as required desktop, CPU and software such as the required application to build the new system request which are the stock control software and point of sale software. The estimated costs for postponing the project License and fees Consulting costs Facility costs Installing the system Conversion of file An analysis that needs to be considered is as follows: Will the new system be cost effective? Which means will it be worth the price to be spent for the new system to be implemented? Providing a basis for comparing developments. Comparison between the total expected cost of each section against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs and by how much. Will the system be promising or possible with the given resource constraints, Resource constraints is an important resources that IT teams have to plan and manage on regular basis are machines, materials, people and working capital. Obviously, if these resources are available in abundance then the project could be accelerated to achieve shorter project duration. Other than the importance of costs, economic feasibility also evaluates tangible and intangible benefits to the restaurant. Tangible Benefits They are the costs for which it is assigned on a specific financial value and measured in Dollar ($) value. In this case the new system inventory software A new customer ordering system and food preparation system practically using the point-of-sale. The new system will eventually help to reduce the use of paper and also will automatically save costs spent. Budget saved from buying a new cupboard for the records to be filled in. With the new system the restaurant will have an increase of profit because of fast services. The new system will be beneficial for the waitresses in many ways such as a new food ordering system where theyre using Portable Device Assistance. Intangible Benefits Overtime for the employees will be eliminate The waitresses will enjoy their work with the help of Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A), where they can make their work more efficient and easy. It will create a working environment which is effortless and less manpower required because the new system is in its simplest form of usage. Schedule Feasibility Schedule Feasibility is a consideration and collaboration between time and costs. It is also the probability of the schedules time frame for the new system being completed within its expected due date. If the system has a high possibility of completion by the chosen due date, then this feasibility is considered to be high. The restaurant management need to establish a firm timetable for the project, will they established such timetable? Can the restaurant or IT team control the aspects that will eventually impacted schedule feasibility? What are conditions must be satisfied during the development of the system? Will an accelerated schedule pose any risks? If so, are the risks acceptable? Will project management techniques be available to coordinate and control the project? TASK 2 Task 2 Feasibility Report LE DINER To: Steering Committee From: Mohammad Sueib bin Suhaimi, Assistant Project Leader Date: 11th April 2013 Subject: Feasibility Report of the new system for Le Diner Italian Restaurant Introduction I, Mohammad Sueib bin Suhaimi conducted and investigate the different system criteria regarding about the current system and also for the new system. The main purpose of this feasibility report is to decide whether to develop the new system and to determine if the proposed solution is practical and feasible with the support of the different criteria of the feasibility study. Below is the Background of the existing system of the restaurant and also the problems that arises while conducting the system. There are problems that need to be considered and needed some attention and required necessary changes in order for the restaurant to have a better and time consuming system that will work for the employees. Existing System Background The Italian restaurant is owned and shared by three people whom are friends named Frank Anderson, Gina Wong and Wayne OConner. The restaurant is moderately in size and currently the system is done manually by hand. The goods are sent to the backdoor of the restaurant and Frank check the goods and update the stock log book every night after daily sales have been tallies. The current customer ordering system is where the waitresses of the restaurant takes order from customers and write it on order tickets and later been send to cash counter to total up, and next they send it to the kitchen where the orders are prepared, once it has been prepared the waitress will deliver the food to the customer and the order ticket will be placed into order ticket box. The tickets are reviewed nightly and Frank makes some adjustment to inventory. Problem The main problem of the existing system are basically the used of hand and paper based system which errors are occurred regularly. In Addition, the inventory systems are also paper-based, where it affects the supplier delivery order causing inconvenience, creating out-of-stock problems and impacting sales. When the inventory stock is low they have to reordered the goods where most of the time the time management is poor and not organized properly. As a result and in some cases the foods are wrongly ordered. The customer ordering system are also affected because of the system, as a result the order ticket are sometimes misplaced. Either never sent to the kitchen for prepare or never sent into the order tickets box. Therefore, the kitchen staff are struggling to keep up with the food preparation and making sure the foods are prepared at the correct order, and retrieved by the appropriate waitress. Benefits of the New System The new system will eventually help to reduce the use of paper and also will automatically saved costs spent. A new ordering system is where the customers order will be redirected to the kitchen complete with the detail of the waitress that is placing the order for different tables for different groups of customer that dined in the restaurant, a device which is specially made for the restaurant that eventually will eliminate the use of paper and manual work by the waitresses. With the new ordering system, food preparation in the kitchen will be much easier, smooth and proper. The new system will capture the point-of-sales data which is the information from a barcode data that will automatically assembled and collect the given info needed for inventory stock. Typically, the information gathered would identify the goods that are low in stock, at what prices, and when and where the transaction took place. As a result, it will eliminate the stock problems and stock problem. The system is also saves time where it helps the waitress to handles orders easier and proper. Frank himself whos in charge for the stock, the new system will automatically save, record and update all the important details he needs for inventory management and food ordering Feasibility of a New System Operational Feasibility It is very important for the employee of the restaurant to get involved and take part of creating the new system Will the user use the system once it has been made? This goes to the waitresses and also Frank that will use the system, the system will eventually will be user friendly and easy access for them to use and will not take a long time for them to learn to use it. The working environment of the restaurant will change to reliable and fast service. The customer will receive their foods on an earliest point of time after placing their orders, this will effect of how the system will be beneficial for the end user. The system again is user friendly, the user of the system will quickly adapt to the change and the system will have an easy access and different language system as well so that different people with different background will understand and will quickly understand how the system works. As a result the system actually will reduce the work load if used effectively. Technical Feasibility Is the project possible with current technology? The current necessity of building the new system is possible with the current technology available. The web based centralized application for Le Diner Restaurant can be implemented based on J2EE framework. Currently the new system technology is available with various third party dealers and which is also compatible with other systems but this new device and system will be added some new features and updated features that will be beneficial for every party involved. There are a few things to be consider as well to think through in this feasibility include manpower such as debuggers, testers, system analyst and programmer. Also need to consider the software and hardware to be used. Of course, the researcher needs to examine the monetary factors since it might need a huge investment. Resource constraints is very important in technical feasibility, it is crucial on having to plan and manage on usual basis are people, machineries, materials, and the people involve as far as working capital. Apparently, if the given resources constraints are obtainable then the project of the new system creation could be speeded up to accomplish shorter project duration, which automatically will affect the schedule feasibility. The system can be learned as it has no language barrier, as it is installed with a special all language translator that will translate from English to different kinds of other language. The device and the new system will be user friendly and the language will be in its simplest form for better understanding especially for older generation where basically they dont want to learn much compare to the younger generation. Economic Feasibility It will be an increased flexibility efficiency of operation by eliminating redundant data entry in the stock log book. Is the project possible, given resource constraints? It has to be develop system in-house due to resource limitations. Appropriate decision, increased monitoring of the new system and control due to access to up-to-date information. Cost and also error reduction and more effective use of staff time. There will be an ultimate high quality services, increased output and input material and efficiency The following costs spent for the construct of the new system which estimated will be finished in 2 months and also the organization and IT Team that will be involved to developed the new system are as follows: Requires: Costs and Hours spent Total costs for 2months 2 System Analysts $10.00 per hour $14,600 3 Programmers $20.00 per hour $29,200 2 Graphical User Interface $40.00 per hour $58,400 2 System Architect $30.00 per hour $43,800 1 Database Specialist $35.00 per hour $51,100 Equipment of Hardware and Software Costs Costs for a Year Point-of-sale software $25.00 for One Month $300.00 Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A) $65.00 for 1 piece of device Printing Device $70.00 for 1 device New network connection installed (updated regularly) $20.00 a month $240.00 As the estimated costs of building the system been done, the benefits of the system must be at the same level and doesnt outweigh thr level with both cost and the benefit for both parties. Satisfaction for both parties is important. Schedule Feasibility The new system may possibly be able to be developed, but that doesnt mean we have the skills required to properly apply that technology. It is true that it can be learn and taught, nevertheless, it will affect the technical feasibility of the project and definitely, it will impact the schedule feasibility as well. Considering this feasibility is to time and duration of the project whether if it is too long to be complete before it is useful. To approximate whether the prospective timeframes and the time of completion date schedules can be met. As well as whether meeting these date will adequate for dealing with the needs of the restaurant. The system will be developed within the timeframe given and it needs to be an exact date of when the system should be completed. If its going to take a longer period of time, it eventually will impacted the economic feasibility and also making sure that the management techniques must be able to coordinate and control the project Recommendation This feasibility is very important for the employee of the Le Diner restaurant to be completely involved and take part of creating the new system. If theyre not completely participating in the project they will not be able to further on to continue to the phase and to the next. Timeframe and consideration of each feasibility study are important as well. The new system is suitable to be called N.F.O.S (New Food Ordering System) for the waitresses to use to conduct their work. They will be using a specialized device where it consists of specific software that consists of menu details of the Le Diner Restaurant and together it also will detect as well as capture the point-of-sale data. There will be a new specialized device called Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A) and a newly designed software for the inventory stock system as well. This completely new system will completely help Frank to easily update and check the stock every night without staying late overtime if there an error occurred, it will completely eliminate error. To my conclusion this new system is worth every penny spent. Comparison to the current existing system, it is not environmental friendly where it is paper-based system and especially frequent inaccuracies and miscalculation especially for inventory stocked. Most importantly the new system will help to The system will help the employee to gain more profit and to have a better working environment and also a system that will actually help every single staff with their work by making their work easier to tolerate.

Goals And Accomplishing Your Dreams Essay -- essays research papers

Goals and Accomplishing Your Dreams   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years jobs such as doctors, accountants, and corporate executives were considered high profile . In the last decade, careers in the field of law have become more important due to the increasing number of lawsuits. One of my many long term goals is to become a tax lawyer. This is a goal I have held near to my heart form several years. I can see myself walking into a packed court room with my Italian suit and penny loafers on. The court room grows silent as my client pleads not guilty. The judge raps his gavel and a court date is set. It is a goal that is very distant and may change, but it is one goal that I must strive for to achieve. For many teenagers this is the leading cause of failure later in life. Many people loose their focus. A wise man once said, â€Å"Dreams are what life is made up of.† This statement is true in the sense that if you have dreams you have something to look forward to; something to focus on; even something to live for. Knowing that you are a VIP is important in the decision-making process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To accomplish your dreams, you must first face adversity in the eye and conquer your fears. For me personally, training to be a lawyer will take time and commitment. I must constantly look at where I am now and evaluate where I need to go from here. There will never be a time in your life where you are at the top. You must keep climbing the ladder of success. For...

Lyndon B. Johnson’s Policies on Vietnam

Part A: Plan of the InvestigationBoth of the American presidents Kennedy and Johnson played essential roles in the Vietnam conflict. Kennedy, supporting the idea of containment, committed the U.S. to support the government of South Vietnam in the early 1960s. After his assassination in 1963, Johnson became the next president, but to what extent did he continue Kennedy’s foreign policy concerning Vietnam?This investigation will therefore compare and contrast Johnson’s and Kennedy’s foreign policies concerning Vietnam, which will be analyzed with references to primary and secondary sources that clearly show the foreign policies of the two presidents. However, more intonation will be put on Johnson’s influence on Vietnam, and how his administration actually decided  to act after Kennedy’s death.Additionally, emphasize will be put on how Johnson greatly deepened the U.S. involvement in Vietnam, after realizing the vast commitment it would take to win the war. This investigation will primarily examine the degree of change in foreign policies of the two presidents towards Vietnam, and not the success or failure of Johnson’s policies.Part B: Summary of EvidenceKennedy’s Foreign policy 1961-1963: Committed the U.S to the Vietnam conflict, due to his support for containment and the domino theory Increased U.S. military advisors from less than 700 men in January 1961 to 16,000 men by November 1963 Financed an increase in the South Vietnamese army from 150,000 to 170,000 men Launched propaganda and political activities to discredit the Viet Cong Drafted the NSAM 273, affirming to continue supporting South Vietnam Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president – 1963:  Also supports containment and the domino theory  Pledges to continue Kennedy’s foreign policy concerning Vietnam and to work with Kennedy’s former advisors Approves NSAM 273Johnson in 1964: Encounters many difficulties and lack of progress part ially due to a confused and ineffective government in South Vietnam Realizes the vast commitment needed to win the war.  Needs an excuse to openly attack North Vietnam and not lose his elections in 1964 Is able to exploit the Tonkin incident of August 1964 and to use it as an excuse: Convinces congress to pass the Tonkin Resolution on August 7th giving him full authority and a blank check to wage war against North Vietnam Uses this resolution to Americanize the war in Vietnam.This resolution set the difference between Johnson’s and Kennedy’s foreign policies The Tonkin Resolution in 1964 caused Johnson’s Foreign policy to change: Johnson was now able to send some 25,000 American combat troops to Vietnam by the end of 1964 Operation Rolling Thunder starting in the spring of 1965 also emerged from this resolution: It was a ongoing bombing campaign and aerial raids against North Vietnam.This operation also demonstrated Johnson’s much greater military commi tment to Vietnam than Kennedy’s, showing It was the first sustained U.S. military operation in Vietnam Johnson finally decided for an open-ended military commitment to Vietnam in 1965 Johnson was ready to provide whatever military support needed to win the war This eventually led to the United States committing more than 500,000 American troops to Vietnam.Par C: Evaluation of Sources:The two sources that are going to be evaluated are Vietnam: Explaining America’s Lost War by Gary Hess and An Album of the Vietnam War by Don Lawson, because they show different perspectives on how the American foreign policy developed towards Vietnam.The origin of the first text Vietnam: Explaining America’s Lost War is a historical book and a secondary source that analyzes the U.S failure in the Vietnam War. The purpose of this text is to analyze the eight steps that deepened the American commitment to South Vietnam, starting with the Kennedy administration.The value of this sourc e is that it gives the readers a good overview on the foreign policies of both Johnson and Kennedy, specifically stating the important decisions of each president. It also highlights all the important events that led to any changes in the American foreign policy towards Vietnam. However, a limitation is that it does not go into great detail and it does not connect the foreign policies of the two presidents, but rather deals with them separately.The origin of the second text An Album of the Vietnam War is a historical book and also a secondary source, attempting to explain Johnson’s foreign policy on Vietnam and how this effected the U.S. involvement. The purpose of this source is to explain how Johnson exploited his power through the Tonkin Resolution, and how this caused a much bigger involvement and commitment in Vietnam. Unlike the first source, this one focuses a lot more on the Tonkin Resolution and sets it as the turning point in the American involvement in Vietnam, sta ting that this event was the foundation for further involvement.The value is that the readers can see and understand why Johnson and his advisors acted as they did, and how they justified their decisions. The main  limitation is that it practically only deals with Johnson’s actions and barely connects to the previous foreign policies of Kennedy. The overview of Johnson’s foreign policy is also quite limited, since the focus is primarily placed on the Tonkin Resolution, where all the other events are stated in relation to it and not independently.Part D: AnalysisDuring his presidency from 1961 until 1963, John F. Kennedy committed the U.S. into the Vietnamese conflict. Being a strong supporter of the â€Å"Domino Theory†, and a strong believer in containment, he made sure to support the South Vietnamese government against the communistic North Vietnam. In his presidency Kennedy was able to greatly increase the military assistance and funding for South Vietnam. Starting with fewer than â€Å"700 men in January 1961†, he was able to increase the U.S. military personnel to â€Å"16,000 by November 1963†. His foreign policy also caused to finance an increase in the size of the South Vietnamese army from â€Å"150,000 to 17000†. Additionally, propaganda and political activities where launched with the purpose of â€Å"discrediting the Viet Cong and building support for the Saigon government†. However after his assassination in November of 1963, the situation changed.Just two hours after Kennedy’s death in 1963, Lyndon Baines Johnson was inaugurated as the U.S. President. However, many of Kennedy’s advisors strongly supported the idea of â€Å"emphasizing continuity with Kennedy’s policies†1. Johnson suddenly becoming the American President â€Å"asked the Kennedy team to remain with him†2. Johnson, like Kennedy, was a strong supporter of containment and believed that the U.S. main foreign policy should be to stop communist expansion. Several days after Kennedy’s death, Johnson approved â€Å"NSAM 273†3, a document drafted during Kennedy’s presidency, which affirmed the American commitment to assist South Vietnam.Just like Kennedy, who was determined to pursue the fight against Communism around the globe and promising to â€Å"pay any price, bear any burden†4, so was Johnson determined to accomplish his predecessor’s objectives stating: â€Å"let us continue†5 in Vietnam. Therefore, it is no surprise that â€Å"Johnson pledged to carry out the policies of the Kennedy administration†6. However Johnson soon realized that the new government of South Vietnam7 seemed confused and ineffective and that bold actions have to be taken in Vietnam since the conflict has reached a stage of â€Å"definitive crisis†8. However, Johnson did not want to risk his success in the upcoming elections in 1964, and needed a good reason to openly attack North Vietnam.The Tonkin Incident â€Å"of August 1964† offered him this opportunity. This â€Å"murky crisis†, where an attack on an American destroyer war reported, provided Johnson with the opportunity of convincing congress to pass the â€Å"Tonkin Gulf Resolution on August 7†, giving Johnson full authority to take all necessary measures, including the â€Å"use of armed force to assist South Vietnam†9. This resolution carried the basis of America’s deeper involvement during Johnson’s Presidency. This also set the difference between Johnson’s and Kennedy’s foreign policies, since with this resolution Johnson was able to â€Å"Americanize† the war in Vietnam. Up until this event Johnson’s foreign policy was quite similar to Kennedy’s, whereas after the resolution his new foreign policies deepened the U.S. involvement in Vietnam to a much larger extent. Already shortly after this r esolution the effects could be seen, since immediate increases in military assistance were ordered, causing: â€Å"some 25,000 American combat troops in Vietnam by 1964†10. Additionally, by the â€Å"spring of 1965†11 there were constant American aerial raids on North Vietnam, which was a part of an operation called â€Å"Rolling Thunder†12. Johnson and his advisors greatly supported this operation in the hope of damaging â€Å"North Vietnam’s war-making infrastructure and its lines of supply†13. This operation which emerged from the Tonkin resolution also set Johnson’s foreign policy apart from Kennedy’s. It was the â€Å"first sustained U.S. military operation in Vietnam†, which demonstrated Johnson’s much greater military commitment to Vietnam then Kennedy’s, whose foreign policy at the time did not include or plan such an operation. This trend of continuously sending more and more American troops continued, wh ich can be clearly seen when Johnson finally decided â€Å"in July of 1965 for an open-ended military commitment†14. Johnson was able to completely â€Å"Americanize†15 this war and rush thousands of ground troops into Vietnam, which was a huge difference to Kennedy’s foreign policy. This can be especially seen when comparing the maximum number of Kennedy’s military advisors of â€Å"16,000 by November 1963†16 with Johnson’s â€Å"500,000 American troops in Vietnam by 1968†. Although Johnson started with a similar foreign policy as Kennedy, he soon realized that this wouldn’t work for winning the  war effectively. Through the Tonkin Resolution Johnson was able to greatly increase the U.S. involvement, leading to events such as Operation Rolling Thunder. After deciding for an open-ended military commitment to Vietnam in 1965, Johnson eventually sent more than half a million American troops to Vietnam by 1968, which was the end of his presidency and clearly showing that his foreign policy was different from Kennedy’s.Part E: ConclusionKennedy’s foreign policy committed the U.S in supporting the government of South Vietnam in the early 1960s, since was a strong believer of containment and the domino theory. His foreign policy involved increasing the number of military advisors and the funding for South Vietnam, as well as propaganda against North Vietnam. However after Kennedy’s assassination, Johnson inherits the responsibility for the U.S. involvement in Vietnam.At first, Johnson does continue Kennedy’s foreign policies concerning Vietnam, similarly supporting the idea of containment just as Kennedy did. However, after realizing the vast commitment it is going to take to win the war and being encountered by numerous difficulties and lack of progress, he eventually causes the U.S. involvement to become much deeper. Johnson was able to achieve this through the Tonkin Resolution, which gave him the power for operations such as â€Å"Rolling Thunder† and eventually an open-ended military commitment towards this conflict.This change in foreign policy where Johnson completely â€Å"Americanized† the war was different from Kennedy’s foreign policy. In conclusion, Johnson’s foreign policy has caused a much larger U.S. involvement in Vietnam than Kennedy’s foreign policy.