Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com - Research Paper Example The research paper "Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com" talks about the path of Jeff Bezos who has established the Amazon in 1994, and what great decisions brought this company to the current success. Jeff Bezos underlines in his interviews that he is a really happy person and he says that it is necessary to be an optimistic person otherwise no positive results are reached. The risk is a controversial issue for Bezos. He claims that to found an enterprise is a rather risky activity and the largest risks should be eliminated at once. To be an entrepreneur is to have an appropriate mind for it otherwise it is very difficult to solve different problems and to make different solutions. Bezos tells that he has learned the importance of self-reliance from his early childhood. His grandfather told him that it was necessary to rely on oneself and support oneself by one’s own methods and strategies. There is no one around but you to fix a current breakage or to solve a current problem. A constant search for new opportunities is a perfect perspective for solving potential challenges or business hazards. Jeff Bezos demonstrates his flexible management nature and his ability to adapt new strategies of leadership and management. When Amazon had to deal with financial challenges of the Company in 2002, it should have dealt with more than $3 billion operating losses. With respect to the experienced challenges and losses of the Company, it is possible to outline the key elements of the Amazon’s business model.... Risk is a controversial issue for Bezos. He claims that to found an enterprise is rather risky activity and the largest risks should be eliminated at once. To be an entrepreneur is to have appropriate mind for it otherwise it is very difficult to solve different problems and to make different solutions. Bezos tells that he has learnt the importance of self-reliance from his early childhood. Thus, his grandfather told him that it was necessary to rely on oneself and support oneself by one’s own methods and strategies. There is no one around but you to fix a current breakage or to solve a current problem. Moreover, it is relevant to work with an open and a creative mind. A constant search for new opportunities is a perfect perspective for solving potential challenges or business hazards. Jeff Bezos demonstrates his flexible management nature and his ability to adapt new strategies of leadership and management. When Amazon had to deal with financial challenges of the Company in 2 002, it should have dealt with more than $3 billion operating losses. Therefore, with respect to the experienced challenges and losses of the Company it is possible to outline the key elements of the Amazon’s business model. The superiority of Amazon in the online market cannot be denied, because Internet was not captured by large book sellers till 1994. Brand establishment of the Company was dependant on advertising. Moreover, a spirit of community is evident on the Web site of Amazon (Isckia 2009, p. 334). The Company publishes different reviews of the customers and provides other interested persons with reliable reactions of other readers. Tastes of their customers are reviewed and the Company is able to

LEARY ENG 105 PAPER 2 RITUAL ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LEARY ENG 105 PAPER 2 RITUAL ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Even to those without a slight idea of the lyrics to the song, but having the tune with them, singing to the song becomes fun, interesting, and captivating. Equipped with adjustable light, the heart broken singer could opt to sing for the moment in a dimly lit room, or bright room. Over time, the meaning of the light has changed, where dimly lit or darkness signifies the intentions of ending the relationship. A brightly lit room, despite the singer singing his lout to the lost relationship, signifies a hopeful rejoinder. Thus, as the boys sing, they express their wishes about their sour relationship. Typically, a normal Chinese teenage relationship involves fantasies, dreams, and ambitions. Some of the very serious relationships ironically have even marriage proposals, with the partners expressing deep desires of settling down. However, few, if any survive through the teenage period, characterized by adventures and numerous crushes. Without adequacy in the definition of periods when the modern Chinese boys and girls can date, many boys find themselves in this booth. Whenever a relationship hits the rocks, the affected boy, unifying with his closest friends, takes to the booth to sing for his gone love. The music, meant to heal the wound, takes the form of sad love songs, ones that commemorate the day. Some however opt for the songs they used to sing to their girlfriends when in the relationship, honoring the person and the chance they had to love them. Although this ritual convey a sense of femininity, it actually offer a space for boys to ignore strict gender code and emotional abreact their anger and fragility. To the young men, singing sad songs in KTV is representative of their softy selves, a different form of masculinity in these men. The use of the Karaoke TV to the Chinese boys liberates them from the traditional concept of recovery, involving silence, subsequently redefining

Feasibility Study On Le Diner Restaurant

Feasibility Study On Le Diner Restaurant There are various approaches that can be deliberate for considering project feasibility and vital consideration necessary for each feasibility methods. The purpose of this study is not to solve the problem, but to decide whether the problem is worth solving. It includes tests such as Operational, Technical, Economic and Schedule feasibility. Operational feasibility study tests the operational range of the new information system before it is going to be established. The requested new system must have high operational feasibility and the usability will be high as well. With the start of the new system, will the restaurants employees (waitresses, owners) be fully involved in making and processing the new system? Is the current paper-based system well liked and efficiently and effectively been used, and are they comfortable using the existing system? Do the waitresses and the owners Frank Anderson, Gina Wong and Wayne OConner support the project? Will they see the need for a modification for the existing paper-based system? Will there be any new request from the owners using the system or required any new modifications after the new system been made? Will the new system be secure from viruses? And no further changes will be made in the future? Technical Feasibility This feasibility study deliberates about the technical requirements of the new proposed system for the restaurant which will effectively satisfy the employees. Considerations of the technical requirements are then compared to the technical capability of the restaurant. Software, hardware and network settings must be installed in part of the new system invention; can the Le Diner Restaurant obtain those kinds on production? Will there be a prototype for the new system, and will there be a trial to try on before building the actual system? Do the staff and owners have the skills and experience in other words practical knowledge in IT; do they have an IT background? If not, can it be learned and taught? Will the new system incorporate with other company information systems? Will the combination of hardware and software supply sufficient routine and performance? Does the new system available and has been made by other IT professional before and does the technology even exists at all? Economic Feasibility Economic feasibility involves a method and also an effort to make sure whether or not it is consistent and likely to complete. This feasibility basically evaluating the efficiency of the new system, where it analysed the new system costs and incomes as well as benefits of the proposed system and whether it will be greater than its lifetime costs, in other words it must be an accurate weigh for the cost versus the benefits before taking any action. To determine the total cost of ownership, estimation costs must be done for: The management, IT team and employees Training personnel Hardware such as required desktop, CPU and software such as the required application to build the new system request which are the stock control software and point of sale software. The estimated costs for postponing the project License and fees Consulting costs Facility costs Installing the system Conversion of file An analysis that needs to be considered is as follows: Will the new system be cost effective? Which means will it be worth the price to be spent for the new system to be implemented? Providing a basis for comparing developments. Comparison between the total expected cost of each section against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs and by how much. Will the system be promising or possible with the given resource constraints, Resource constraints is an important resources that IT teams have to plan and manage on regular basis are machines, materials, people and working capital. Obviously, if these resources are available in abundance then the project could be accelerated to achieve shorter project duration. Other than the importance of costs, economic feasibility also evaluates tangible and intangible benefits to the restaurant. Tangible Benefits They are the costs for which it is assigned on a specific financial value and measured in Dollar ($) value. In this case the new system inventory software A new customer ordering system and food preparation system practically using the point-of-sale. The new system will eventually help to reduce the use of paper and also will automatically save costs spent. Budget saved from buying a new cupboard for the records to be filled in. With the new system the restaurant will have an increase of profit because of fast services. The new system will be beneficial for the waitresses in many ways such as a new food ordering system where theyre using Portable Device Assistance. Intangible Benefits Overtime for the employees will be eliminate The waitresses will enjoy their work with the help of Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A), where they can make their work more efficient and easy. It will create a working environment which is effortless and less manpower required because the new system is in its simplest form of usage. Schedule Feasibility Schedule Feasibility is a consideration and collaboration between time and costs. It is also the probability of the schedules time frame for the new system being completed within its expected due date. If the system has a high possibility of completion by the chosen due date, then this feasibility is considered to be high. The restaurant management need to establish a firm timetable for the project, will they established such timetable? Can the restaurant or IT team control the aspects that will eventually impacted schedule feasibility? What are conditions must be satisfied during the development of the system? Will an accelerated schedule pose any risks? If so, are the risks acceptable? Will project management techniques be available to coordinate and control the project? TASK 2 Task 2 Feasibility Report LE DINER To: Steering Committee From: Mohammad Sueib bin Suhaimi, Assistant Project Leader Date: 11th April 2013 Subject: Feasibility Report of the new system for Le Diner Italian Restaurant Introduction I, Mohammad Sueib bin Suhaimi conducted and investigate the different system criteria regarding about the current system and also for the new system. The main purpose of this feasibility report is to decide whether to develop the new system and to determine if the proposed solution is practical and feasible with the support of the different criteria of the feasibility study. Below is the Background of the existing system of the restaurant and also the problems that arises while conducting the system. There are problems that need to be considered and needed some attention and required necessary changes in order for the restaurant to have a better and time consuming system that will work for the employees. Existing System Background The Italian restaurant is owned and shared by three people whom are friends named Frank Anderson, Gina Wong and Wayne OConner. The restaurant is moderately in size and currently the system is done manually by hand. The goods are sent to the backdoor of the restaurant and Frank check the goods and update the stock log book every night after daily sales have been tallies. The current customer ordering system is where the waitresses of the restaurant takes order from customers and write it on order tickets and later been send to cash counter to total up, and next they send it to the kitchen where the orders are prepared, once it has been prepared the waitress will deliver the food to the customer and the order ticket will be placed into order ticket box. The tickets are reviewed nightly and Frank makes some adjustment to inventory. Problem The main problem of the existing system are basically the used of hand and paper based system which errors are occurred regularly. In Addition, the inventory systems are also paper-based, where it affects the supplier delivery order causing inconvenience, creating out-of-stock problems and impacting sales. When the inventory stock is low they have to reordered the goods where most of the time the time management is poor and not organized properly. As a result and in some cases the foods are wrongly ordered. The customer ordering system are also affected because of the system, as a result the order ticket are sometimes misplaced. Either never sent to the kitchen for prepare or never sent into the order tickets box. Therefore, the kitchen staff are struggling to keep up with the food preparation and making sure the foods are prepared at the correct order, and retrieved by the appropriate waitress. Benefits of the New System The new system will eventually help to reduce the use of paper and also will automatically saved costs spent. A new ordering system is where the customers order will be redirected to the kitchen complete with the detail of the waitress that is placing the order for different tables for different groups of customer that dined in the restaurant, a device which is specially made for the restaurant that eventually will eliminate the use of paper and manual work by the waitresses. With the new ordering system, food preparation in the kitchen will be much easier, smooth and proper. The new system will capture the point-of-sales data which is the information from a barcode data that will automatically assembled and collect the given info needed for inventory stock. Typically, the information gathered would identify the goods that are low in stock, at what prices, and when and where the transaction took place. As a result, it will eliminate the stock problems and stock problem. The system is also saves time where it helps the waitress to handles orders easier and proper. Frank himself whos in charge for the stock, the new system will automatically save, record and update all the important details he needs for inventory management and food ordering Feasibility of a New System Operational Feasibility It is very important for the employee of the restaurant to get involved and take part of creating the new system Will the user use the system once it has been made? This goes to the waitresses and also Frank that will use the system, the system will eventually will be user friendly and easy access for them to use and will not take a long time for them to learn to use it. The working environment of the restaurant will change to reliable and fast service. The customer will receive their foods on an earliest point of time after placing their orders, this will effect of how the system will be beneficial for the end user. The system again is user friendly, the user of the system will quickly adapt to the change and the system will have an easy access and different language system as well so that different people with different background will understand and will quickly understand how the system works. As a result the system actually will reduce the work load if used effectively. Technical Feasibility Is the project possible with current technology? The current necessity of building the new system is possible with the current technology available. The web based centralized application for Le Diner Restaurant can be implemented based on J2EE framework. Currently the new system technology is available with various third party dealers and which is also compatible with other systems but this new device and system will be added some new features and updated features that will be beneficial for every party involved. There are a few things to be consider as well to think through in this feasibility include manpower such as debuggers, testers, system analyst and programmer. Also need to consider the software and hardware to be used. Of course, the researcher needs to examine the monetary factors since it might need a huge investment. Resource constraints is very important in technical feasibility, it is crucial on having to plan and manage on usual basis are people, machineries, materials, and the people involve as far as working capital. Apparently, if the given resources constraints are obtainable then the project of the new system creation could be speeded up to accomplish shorter project duration, which automatically will affect the schedule feasibility. The system can be learned as it has no language barrier, as it is installed with a special all language translator that will translate from English to different kinds of other language. The device and the new system will be user friendly and the language will be in its simplest form for better understanding especially for older generation where basically they dont want to learn much compare to the younger generation. Economic Feasibility It will be an increased flexibility efficiency of operation by eliminating redundant data entry in the stock log book. Is the project possible, given resource constraints? It has to be develop system in-house due to resource limitations. Appropriate decision, increased monitoring of the new system and control due to access to up-to-date information. Cost and also error reduction and more effective use of staff time. There will be an ultimate high quality services, increased output and input material and efficiency The following costs spent for the construct of the new system which estimated will be finished in 2 months and also the organization and IT Team that will be involved to developed the new system are as follows: Requires: Costs and Hours spent Total costs for 2months 2 System Analysts $10.00 per hour $14,600 3 Programmers $20.00 per hour $29,200 2 Graphical User Interface $40.00 per hour $58,400 2 System Architect $30.00 per hour $43,800 1 Database Specialist $35.00 per hour $51,100 Equipment of Hardware and Software Costs Costs for a Year Point-of-sale software $25.00 for One Month $300.00 Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A) $65.00 for 1 piece of device Printing Device $70.00 for 1 device New network connection installed (updated regularly) $20.00 a month $240.00 As the estimated costs of building the system been done, the benefits of the system must be at the same level and doesnt outweigh thr level with both cost and the benefit for both parties. Satisfaction for both parties is important. Schedule Feasibility The new system may possibly be able to be developed, but that doesnt mean we have the skills required to properly apply that technology. It is true that it can be learn and taught, nevertheless, it will affect the technical feasibility of the project and definitely, it will impact the schedule feasibility as well. Considering this feasibility is to time and duration of the project whether if it is too long to be complete before it is useful. To approximate whether the prospective timeframes and the time of completion date schedules can be met. As well as whether meeting these date will adequate for dealing with the needs of the restaurant. The system will be developed within the timeframe given and it needs to be an exact date of when the system should be completed. If its going to take a longer period of time, it eventually will impacted the economic feasibility and also making sure that the management techniques must be able to coordinate and control the project Recommendation This feasibility is very important for the employee of the Le Diner restaurant to be completely involved and take part of creating the new system. If theyre not completely participating in the project they will not be able to further on to continue to the phase and to the next. Timeframe and consideration of each feasibility study are important as well. The new system is suitable to be called N.F.O.S (New Food Ordering System) for the waitresses to use to conduct their work. They will be using a specialized device where it consists of specific software that consists of menu details of the Le Diner Restaurant and together it also will detect as well as capture the point-of-sale data. There will be a new specialized device called Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A) and a newly designed software for the inventory stock system as well. This completely new system will completely help Frank to easily update and check the stock every night without staying late overtime if there an error occurred, it will completely eliminate error. To my conclusion this new system is worth every penny spent. Comparison to the current existing system, it is not environmental friendly where it is paper-based system and especially frequent inaccuracies and miscalculation especially for inventory stocked. Most importantly the new system will help to The system will help the employee to gain more profit and to have a better working environment and also a system that will actually help every single staff with their work by making their work easier to tolerate.

Goals And Accomplishing Your Dreams Essay -- essays research papers

Goals and Accomplishing Your Dreams   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years jobs such as doctors, accountants, and corporate executives were considered high profile . In the last decade, careers in the field of law have become more important due to the increasing number of lawsuits. One of my many long term goals is to become a tax lawyer. This is a goal I have held near to my heart form several years. I can see myself walking into a packed court room with my Italian suit and penny loafers on. The court room grows silent as my client pleads not guilty. The judge raps his gavel and a court date is set. It is a goal that is very distant and may change, but it is one goal that I must strive for to achieve. For many teenagers this is the leading cause of failure later in life. Many people loose their focus. A wise man once said, â€Å"Dreams are what life is made up of.† This statement is true in the sense that if you have dreams you have something to look forward to; something to focus on; even something to live for. Knowing that you are a VIP is important in the decision-making process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To accomplish your dreams, you must first face adversity in the eye and conquer your fears. For me personally, training to be a lawyer will take time and commitment. I must constantly look at where I am now and evaluate where I need to go from here. There will never be a time in your life where you are at the top. You must keep climbing the ladder of success. For...

Lyndon B. Johnson’s Policies on Vietnam

Part A: Plan of the InvestigationBoth of the American presidents Kennedy and Johnson played essential roles in the Vietnam conflict. Kennedy, supporting the idea of containment, committed the U.S. to support the government of South Vietnam in the early 1960s. After his assassination in 1963, Johnson became the next president, but to what extent did he continue Kennedy’s foreign policy concerning Vietnam?This investigation will therefore compare and contrast Johnson’s and Kennedy’s foreign policies concerning Vietnam, which will be analyzed with references to primary and secondary sources that clearly show the foreign policies of the two presidents. However, more intonation will be put on Johnson’s influence on Vietnam, and how his administration actually decided  to act after Kennedy’s death.Additionally, emphasize will be put on how Johnson greatly deepened the U.S. involvement in Vietnam, after realizing the vast commitment it would take to win the war. This investigation will primarily examine the degree of change in foreign policies of the two presidents towards Vietnam, and not the success or failure of Johnson’s policies.Part B: Summary of EvidenceKennedy’s Foreign policy 1961-1963: Committed the U.S to the Vietnam conflict, due to his support for containment and the domino theory Increased U.S. military advisors from less than 700 men in January 1961 to 16,000 men by November 1963 Financed an increase in the South Vietnamese army from 150,000 to 170,000 men Launched propaganda and political activities to discredit the Viet Cong Drafted the NSAM 273, affirming to continue supporting South Vietnam Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president – 1963:  Also supports containment and the domino theory  Pledges to continue Kennedy’s foreign policy concerning Vietnam and to work with Kennedy’s former advisors Approves NSAM 273Johnson in 1964: Encounters many difficulties and lack of progress part ially due to a confused and ineffective government in South Vietnam Realizes the vast commitment needed to win the war.  Needs an excuse to openly attack North Vietnam and not lose his elections in 1964 Is able to exploit the Tonkin incident of August 1964 and to use it as an excuse: Convinces congress to pass the Tonkin Resolution on August 7th giving him full authority and a blank check to wage war against North Vietnam Uses this resolution to Americanize the war in Vietnam.This resolution set the difference between Johnson’s and Kennedy’s foreign policies The Tonkin Resolution in 1964 caused Johnson’s Foreign policy to change: Johnson was now able to send some 25,000 American combat troops to Vietnam by the end of 1964 Operation Rolling Thunder starting in the spring of 1965 also emerged from this resolution: It was a ongoing bombing campaign and aerial raids against North Vietnam.This operation also demonstrated Johnson’s much greater military commi tment to Vietnam than Kennedy’s, showing It was the first sustained U.S. military operation in Vietnam Johnson finally decided for an open-ended military commitment to Vietnam in 1965 Johnson was ready to provide whatever military support needed to win the war This eventually led to the United States committing more than 500,000 American troops to Vietnam.Par C: Evaluation of Sources:The two sources that are going to be evaluated are Vietnam: Explaining America’s Lost War by Gary Hess and An Album of the Vietnam War by Don Lawson, because they show different perspectives on how the American foreign policy developed towards Vietnam.The origin of the first text Vietnam: Explaining America’s Lost War is a historical book and a secondary source that analyzes the U.S failure in the Vietnam War. The purpose of this text is to analyze the eight steps that deepened the American commitment to South Vietnam, starting with the Kennedy administration.The value of this sourc e is that it gives the readers a good overview on the foreign policies of both Johnson and Kennedy, specifically stating the important decisions of each president. It also highlights all the important events that led to any changes in the American foreign policy towards Vietnam. However, a limitation is that it does not go into great detail and it does not connect the foreign policies of the two presidents, but rather deals with them separately.The origin of the second text An Album of the Vietnam War is a historical book and also a secondary source, attempting to explain Johnson’s foreign policy on Vietnam and how this effected the U.S. involvement. The purpose of this source is to explain how Johnson exploited his power through the Tonkin Resolution, and how this caused a much bigger involvement and commitment in Vietnam. Unlike the first source, this one focuses a lot more on the Tonkin Resolution and sets it as the turning point in the American involvement in Vietnam, sta ting that this event was the foundation for further involvement.The value is that the readers can see and understand why Johnson and his advisors acted as they did, and how they justified their decisions. The main  limitation is that it practically only deals with Johnson’s actions and barely connects to the previous foreign policies of Kennedy. The overview of Johnson’s foreign policy is also quite limited, since the focus is primarily placed on the Tonkin Resolution, where all the other events are stated in relation to it and not independently.Part D: AnalysisDuring his presidency from 1961 until 1963, John F. Kennedy committed the U.S. into the Vietnamese conflict. Being a strong supporter of the â€Å"Domino Theory†, and a strong believer in containment, he made sure to support the South Vietnamese government against the communistic North Vietnam. In his presidency Kennedy was able to greatly increase the military assistance and funding for South Vietnam. Starting with fewer than â€Å"700 men in January 1961†, he was able to increase the U.S. military personnel to â€Å"16,000 by November 1963†. His foreign policy also caused to finance an increase in the size of the South Vietnamese army from â€Å"150,000 to 17000†. Additionally, propaganda and political activities where launched with the purpose of â€Å"discrediting the Viet Cong and building support for the Saigon government†. However after his assassination in November of 1963, the situation changed.Just two hours after Kennedy’s death in 1963, Lyndon Baines Johnson was inaugurated as the U.S. President. However, many of Kennedy’s advisors strongly supported the idea of â€Å"emphasizing continuity with Kennedy’s policies†1. Johnson suddenly becoming the American President â€Å"asked the Kennedy team to remain with him†2. Johnson, like Kennedy, was a strong supporter of containment and believed that the U.S. main foreign policy should be to stop communist expansion. Several days after Kennedy’s death, Johnson approved â€Å"NSAM 273†3, a document drafted during Kennedy’s presidency, which affirmed the American commitment to assist South Vietnam.Just like Kennedy, who was determined to pursue the fight against Communism around the globe and promising to â€Å"pay any price, bear any burden†4, so was Johnson determined to accomplish his predecessor’s objectives stating: â€Å"let us continue†5 in Vietnam. Therefore, it is no surprise that â€Å"Johnson pledged to carry out the policies of the Kennedy administration†6. However Johnson soon realized that the new government of South Vietnam7 seemed confused and ineffective and that bold actions have to be taken in Vietnam since the conflict has reached a stage of â€Å"definitive crisis†8. However, Johnson did not want to risk his success in the upcoming elections in 1964, and needed a good reason to openly attack North Vietnam.The Tonkin Incident â€Å"of August 1964† offered him this opportunity. This â€Å"murky crisis†, where an attack on an American destroyer war reported, provided Johnson with the opportunity of convincing congress to pass the â€Å"Tonkin Gulf Resolution on August 7†, giving Johnson full authority to take all necessary measures, including the â€Å"use of armed force to assist South Vietnam†9. This resolution carried the basis of America’s deeper involvement during Johnson’s Presidency. This also set the difference between Johnson’s and Kennedy’s foreign policies, since with this resolution Johnson was able to â€Å"Americanize† the war in Vietnam. Up until this event Johnson’s foreign policy was quite similar to Kennedy’s, whereas after the resolution his new foreign policies deepened the U.S. involvement in Vietnam to a much larger extent. Already shortly after this r esolution the effects could be seen, since immediate increases in military assistance were ordered, causing: â€Å"some 25,000 American combat troops in Vietnam by 1964†10. Additionally, by the â€Å"spring of 1965†11 there were constant American aerial raids on North Vietnam, which was a part of an operation called â€Å"Rolling Thunder†12. Johnson and his advisors greatly supported this operation in the hope of damaging â€Å"North Vietnam’s war-making infrastructure and its lines of supply†13. This operation which emerged from the Tonkin resolution also set Johnson’s foreign policy apart from Kennedy’s. It was the â€Å"first sustained U.S. military operation in Vietnam†, which demonstrated Johnson’s much greater military commitment to Vietnam then Kennedy’s, whose foreign policy at the time did not include or plan such an operation. This trend of continuously sending more and more American troops continued, wh ich can be clearly seen when Johnson finally decided â€Å"in July of 1965 for an open-ended military commitment†14. Johnson was able to completely â€Å"Americanize†15 this war and rush thousands of ground troops into Vietnam, which was a huge difference to Kennedy’s foreign policy. This can be especially seen when comparing the maximum number of Kennedy’s military advisors of â€Å"16,000 by November 1963†16 with Johnson’s â€Å"500,000 American troops in Vietnam by 1968†. Although Johnson started with a similar foreign policy as Kennedy, he soon realized that this wouldn’t work for winning the  war effectively. Through the Tonkin Resolution Johnson was able to greatly increase the U.S. involvement, leading to events such as Operation Rolling Thunder. After deciding for an open-ended military commitment to Vietnam in 1965, Johnson eventually sent more than half a million American troops to Vietnam by 1968, which was the end of his presidency and clearly showing that his foreign policy was different from Kennedy’s.Part E: ConclusionKennedy’s foreign policy committed the U.S in supporting the government of South Vietnam in the early 1960s, since was a strong believer of containment and the domino theory. His foreign policy involved increasing the number of military advisors and the funding for South Vietnam, as well as propaganda against North Vietnam. However after Kennedy’s assassination, Johnson inherits the responsibility for the U.S. involvement in Vietnam.At first, Johnson does continue Kennedy’s foreign policies concerning Vietnam, similarly supporting the idea of containment just as Kennedy did. However, after realizing the vast commitment it is going to take to win the war and being encountered by numerous difficulties and lack of progress, he eventually causes the U.S. involvement to become much deeper. Johnson was able to achieve this through the Tonkin Resolution, which gave him the power for operations such as â€Å"Rolling Thunder† and eventually an open-ended military commitment towards this conflict.This change in foreign policy where Johnson completely â€Å"Americanized† the war was different from Kennedy’s foreign policy. In conclusion, Johnson’s foreign policy has caused a much larger U.S. involvement in Vietnam than Kennedy’s foreign policy.

Impact of Economic Factors on Engagement with Pro-Environmental Measures

THE ENVIRONMENT Introduction: On most occasions, conservationist, and authorities bureaus tell us on the benefits of conserving the environment. This is because the universe is witnessing a series of environmental devastations, which range from devastation of woods, pollution of rivers, lakes and air. People argue that it is of import to continue the environment because they play a large function in prolonging the lives of persons. For illustrations, trees help in the formation of rainfall, which is an indispensable demand for agribusiness to last. Forests are natural home grounds of animate beings, and on this footing, destructing woods, will intend the devastation of wild animate beings. This in bend will interrupt the environmental eco-system ( Brooks, 2010 ) . Despite the importance of conserving the environment, most people still prosecute in its devastation. The grounds advanced for their engagement in destructing the environment are, poorness, population growing, and hunt of income. This paper identifies the grounds as to why people still prosecute in the devastation of the environment, despite the of import function that the environment plays in our society. Search for beginnings of income/ gross: Search for beginnings of gross and income is one of the major factors that lead to the devastation of the environment. Take for illustration oil geographic expedition and excavation is a factor that makes people to destruct the environment ( Tisdell, 2005 ) . Oil is an of import natural resource that all most all the economic systems of the universe demand. Oil is needed to drive the transit industry, which is indispensable for the growing of a country’s economic system ( Leydesdorff, 2007 ) . Oil plays a large function in using 1000000s of people all over the universe, and states such as Saudi-Arabia, Qatar, Libya, etc depend on oil production to prolong their economic systems. This is because oil is the major beginning of foreign gross for these states ( Tachibana, 2000 ) . It is of import to denote that oil geographic expedition and excavation play a great function in the devastation of the environment. Oil has the capableness of destructing the lives of animate beings, and human existences. Take for case the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill which was responsible for leaking about 60,000 barrels of oil into the ocean ( Harper and Fletcher, 2011 ) . This had an effecting of killing sea animate beings, which included mahimahis, sea polo-necks, giants, etc. This oil spill was chiefly caused because of oil geographic expedition by BP Oil Company. The ground of these geographic expeditions was to mine oil, for commercial intents. Petroleum companies are besides accused of dumping toxic oil wastes on nearby rivers and Waterss. This has a cause of fouling the environment, and destructing the lives of Marine animate beings populating in these H2O systems ( Imanaka, 1997 ) . Petroleum companies are commercial companies, whose chief purpose is to sale oil merchandises for intents of doing net incomes, and grosss. Income net incomes and gross is non merely restricted to oil geographic expedition, but besides to the devastation of woods, and killing of wild animate beings. For illustration, people cut down trees for intents of acquiring wood. Wood is used to do lumber, a resource that is used to fabricate chairs, and edifice of houses ( Colson, 2011 ) . These are for commercial intents. The violent death of wild animate beings is besides carried out for intents of doing gaining an income, and due to poverty. For illustration, poachers normally kill elephants and rhinos for their ivories, and horns. Elephant Ivories are ever sold in Asia, and are used as beauty merchandises, and for intents of doing medical specialty. The same happens to the horns that poachers get from rhinos. Population Growth: Population growing is besides another factor that deters the preservation of the environment ( Newing, 2010 ) . Because of population growing, world has been forced to look for other topographic points of abode ( Likar, 2011 ) . This will do them to unclutter and destruct woods, as a consequence taking to the devastation of trees, and break of the eco-system. As celebrated earlier, woods are home grounds of wild animate beings, and birds. Destroying woods will take to the decease of some of these animate beings, because they may non happen other home grounds. The devastation of woods is non the lone negative environmental harm that population growing causes. Due to the high figure of people, there is the overconsumption of natural resources such as H2O, oil, nutrient, and even land ( Imanaka, 1997 ) . This consequences to doing these resources scarce. Scarcity of these environmental resources might take to unhealthy competition amongst people, in order to entree the resources under consideration. Peoples besides emit waste merchandises, because of their ingestion activities. This includes H2O, and air pollutants, toxic waste stuff, extra foods, and green house gases. Waste substances such as untreated sewerage may take to the devastation of an individual’s wellness. Other waste merchandises, such as inordinate N have an impact of doing the blooming of algals, in H2O supplies. This will take to the depletion of O, taking to the decease of marine animate beings such as fish ( Calhoun, 2005 ) . To protect the environment by restricting the growing of the environment, states such as China have adopted the one kid policy. This is whereby all twosomes are forced to bear to give birth to merely one kid. India besides has such sort of a policy, and the chief purpose of presenting these types of policy is to cut down the population growing of persons(Environmental issues. 2010 ). There has besides been some unreal method of commanding population growing, and this includes the usage of household planning methods ( Chancellor, 2009 ) . As a method of commanding the population growing in their states, authorities normally promote the usage of household planning methods. Poverty: Poverty is besides another factor that makes people to destruct the environment. In most states of the universe, specifically in the development states, there is the devastation of croping lands, dirt and woods because of over graze. These methods are ever efficient in commanding the population of a province, and therefore protecting an environment. As the growing rate of poorness additions, people destroy the environment faster, and more rapidly. The people over use the environment, such as dirt, land and woods, because they do non hold other beginnings of income, except by utilizing the natural resources under their range ( Harper and Fletcher, 2011 ) . It is of import to denote that because of poorness, the hapless will utilize the natural resources under their range for intents of fulfilling their footing demands. This will include fetching and utilizing firewood to cook, overdriving land for agricultural production, and usage of wild workss and H2O for medical specialty ( Canava ri and Food, 2002 ) . Poor people lack good and better instruction which can assist them to procure good occupations and beginnings of income. On this footing, they lack the quality of life that can do them to utilize electricity for cookery intents, or for other sectors of their domestic life ( Michna, 2010 ) . Electricity can assist in restricting the firewood concern that these people engage in. This is because persons will non depend on firewood as their beginnings of energy. To undertake poorness, the assorted authoritiess need to ordain policies aimed making employment, and bettering the instruction system of a province. The authorities can promote the usage of their trade accomplishments in assisting the hapless to gain income ( Hambler, 2004 ) . But this should happen in a mode that is suited for the saving of the environment. To cover with poorness, policies from the authorities are non sufficient. The authorities needs to spouse with private establishments and non-governmental organisations for intents of promoting them to educate people on the assorted ways of undertaking poorness ( Takeuchi, 2006 ) . This will be effectual because non-governmental organisations usually have an entree to the people, because of their grass root connexions. The hapless can be educated on the importance of continuing the environment ( Graetz, 2011 ) . This will do the hapless to hold knowledge on the benefits of the environment, doing them to utilize the natural resources under their range in a sustainable method. Decision: In decision, poorness, hunt for income, and population growing are some of the factors that encourage people non to prosecute in pro-environmental steps. As discussed in this paper, due to poverty, people will seek to unsuitably utilize the environment for intents of prolonging themselves. This includes film editing of woods for intents of acquiring lumber, over-using the land resource under their ownership, for agricultural intents, and over-grazing. However, with the usage of appropriate authorities policy, it is possible to cut down the degrees of poorness within a province. Search for income is another ground for depletion of the environment, and this usually takes the signifier of geographic expeditions and excavation. This is a really hard issue to work out, because authoritiess are ever in a quandary. That is, whether to halt the geographic expeditions or whether to go on with the geographic expeditions. Stoping the geographic expedition will intend losing a beginning of gross, while go oning with the geographic expedition will intend destructing the environment. Population growing on the other manus is easy to work out. All that a province demands to make is to make a policy restricting the figure of kids an person can give birth to. Mentions: Brooks, J. S. ( 2010 ) . Economic And Social Dimensions Of Environmental Behavior: Reconciliation Conservation And Development In Bhutan.Conservation Biology,24( 6 ) , 1499-1509. Calhoun, Y. ( 2005 ) .Conservation. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Canavari, M. , & A ; Food, A. ( 2002 ) .Economic surveies on nutrient, agribusiness and the environment: Joint Conference on Food, Agriculture, and the Environment, Bologna, Italy, June 12- 14, 2001. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. Chancellor, D. ( 2009 ) .Food waste. London: Wayland. Colson, M. ( 2011 ) .The environment. Chicago, Ill. : Raintree. Environmental issues. ( 2010 ) . New Delhi: IFA Publications. Graetz, M. J. ( 2011 ) .The terminal of energy the unmaking of America ‘s environment, security, and independency. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. Hambler, C. ( 2004 ) .Conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Harper, C. L. , & A ; Fletcher, T. H. ( 2011 ) .Environment and society: human positions on environmental issues( Canadian ed. ) . Toronto: Pearson Canada. Imanaka, T. ( 1997 ) . Global environment. How protect and surrogate? Interaction between environment and being. Both environment and organisms support on changing.. Kagaku to Seibutsu,35( 3 ) , 178-181. Leydesdorff, L. ( 2007 ) . Environment and Planing B: Planning and Design as a diary: the interdisciplinarity of its environment and the commendation impact.Environment and Planning Bacillus: Planning and Design,34( 5 ) , 826-838. Likar, L. E. ( 2011 ) .Eco-warriors, nihilistic terrorists, and the environment. Santa Barbara, Caliph: Praeger. Michna, J. ( 2010 ) .Risk direction on energy and enviromental preservation in CCE states. New York: Heinmman. Newing, H. ( 2010 ) . Interdisciplinary preparation in environmental preservation: definitions, advancement and future waies.Environmental Conservation,37( 04 ) , 410-418. Tachibana, H. ( 2000 ) . Engineering chance for environment in 2000. Prospect of sound environment. Technological reappraisal of sound environment..Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering,29( 2 ) , 149-156. Takeuchi, K. ( 2006 ) . Hydrology uniting planetary environment and human environment. Proceedings of the Symposium on Global Environment,14, 307-307. Tisdell, C. A. ( 2005 ) .Economicss of environmental preservation( 2nd ed. ) . Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub..

HRM Information systems essays

HRM Information systems essays HB Enterprise is a geographically dispersed organization with a workforce of approximately 1000 staff providing a wide range of support and commercial services to the hospitality industry. At this stage HB Enterprise relies on a HRMIS which is both manual and computerized. The organization is intending to select and implement a fully integrated client/server Human Resource Management System. The purpose of this report is to make recommendations on how to analyse the effectiveness of the existing HRMIS, which is both manual and computerized and how to establish the requirements of a new integrated computerized HRMIS software application. Is a new computer based system necessary? This must be one of the main questions answered by decision makers involved in evaluation the existing system, what will be the benefits for the organization and will the benefits justify the costs? If the current system is failing to meet the set objectives what might be the cause? The first step in the process of analyzing existing and desired systems is to establish a team, this team needs to develop a schedule for meeting objectives, develop a list of resources required at each stage establish milestones in the process for monitoring progress. However it is important to establish what the system is used for its purpose, it is essential to align the organizations corporate and HRM objectives if the system is to succeed. (Stone, 1995, p.31) Then it is important to decide if a new computer system is the most cost effective way of achieving the predetermined objectives. Perhaps the current system requires modification and improvement. However, larger organizations with complex human resource information needs are likely to find a computer based system more cost effective, quicker and able to provide more comprehensive information than a manual system. Edwards (1986, p.13) lists the following as typical objectives established by a projec...

Free Essays on Mother Vs Father

Sociology Dr. Adkins Magazine advertising throughout the years Advertisements have always preyed upon a culture’s vulnerabilities and have either mitigated them or exploited them. This has been noticed through several sources of mass media; however, it is more detailed in periodicals like magazines. Throughout this essay there will be examples of how products have been advertised within the last fifty years in two popular magazines, Time and Newsweek. The advertisements in these popular magazines have in some fashion showed how advertisers present their products to our culture. Throughout the years Time and Newsweek have advertised several products ranging from cigarettes and cars all the way to watches. The process by which these products were advertised directly represents the culture of that time era. The first time era I reviewed was the 1950’s. There were several products advertised at that time; however, the products I have selected was two types of cars made by Pontiac. The first advertisement I noticed was in Newsweek. The technique the advertisers used emphasized family unity, and promoted a better deal for a lower price. The other advertisement I chose from Time emphasized that a Pontiac car can enhance your romance life by driving to â€Å"park† somewhere. The Pontiac advertisements I chose directly represent the behaviors and attitudes of that culture. The second time era I reviewed was the 1960’s. During this time era it seemed that advertising had shifted from magazines to television; however, there was still a large amount of advertisements. The products I chose for this time era was two brands of cigarettes. The first brand, Pall Mall, displayed in Time was presented to the audience in an unusual manner. Pall Mall decided to advertise directly to woman, especially the more modern woman. The second brand, Tareyton, advertised in Newsweek also advertised to the more modern woman. The fashion... Free Essays on Mother Vs Father Free Essays on Mother Vs Father Sociology Dr. Adkins Magazine advertising throughout the years Advertisements have always preyed upon a culture’s vulnerabilities and have either mitigated them or exploited them. This has been noticed through several sources of mass media; however, it is more detailed in periodicals like magazines. Throughout this essay there will be examples of how products have been advertised within the last fifty years in two popular magazines, Time and Newsweek. The advertisements in these popular magazines have in some fashion showed how advertisers present their products to our culture. Throughout the years Time and Newsweek have advertised several products ranging from cigarettes and cars all the way to watches. The process by which these products were advertised directly represents the culture of that time era. The first time era I reviewed was the 1950’s. There were several products advertised at that time; however, the products I have selected was two types of cars made by Pontiac. The first advertisement I noticed was in Newsweek. The technique the advertisers used emphasized family unity, and promoted a better deal for a lower price. The other advertisement I chose from Time emphasized that a Pontiac car can enhance your romance life by driving to â€Å"park† somewhere. The Pontiac advertisements I chose directly represent the behaviors and attitudes of that culture. The second time era I reviewed was the 1960’s. During this time era it seemed that advertising had shifted from magazines to television; however, there was still a large amount of advertisements. The products I chose for this time era was two brands of cigarettes. The first brand, Pall Mall, displayed in Time was presented to the audience in an unusual manner. Pall Mall decided to advertise directly to woman, especially the more modern woman. The second brand, Tareyton, advertised in Newsweek also advertised to the more modern woman. The fashion...

Plato\s Republic Essays - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato

Plato?s Republic is a profound philosophical treatment of the meaning, nature, and application of justice by way of describing the perfect city-state and the use of comprehensive allegory. As Ancient Athens was the prototype for the modern ideas of Democracy, Republic is still incredibly relevant. The discussion of justice is not only explored from a political standpoint, but it also informs Epistemological views on nature, beauty, and truth, adding even more weight and importance to the term. During the time of Republic (circa 380 B.C.E.) Two prominent philosophical groups were splitting Athens apart, a rivalry from which the beginning of Republic is spawned. Plato belonged to epistemology, a branch of philosophy dedicated to the nature of knowledge. Plato and his colleagues believed in logic and reason as a means of reaching the truth while criticizing emotions and sensory perceptions. The Sophists, the archenemy of Plato?s ideas, were merely concerned with rhetoric and applying la nguage in any means necessary to gain a desirable outcome. The effect that these differences rendered on the topic of justice is brilliantly displayed in ?Book 1? through dialogue by Plato?s analogue, Socrates, and a temperamental Sophist called Thrasymachus. The argument between Socrates and Thrasymachus sets the tone for the remainder of the book and gives Plato a place from which to start explaining justice, and specifically what justice is not. ?Book 1? of Republic is distinctively different than the remainder of the book, both stylistically and in intent. Plato established the logistics of his argumentative tactics and engages in a heated discussion about justice that will necessitate the explanations and proofs provided in ?Books II ? X.? The so-called meat of ?Book I? begins with a confrontation between the hotheaded Sophist, Thrasymachus, and Socrates as they enter into a disagreement about the worth of justice; a diversion from Socrates? original task to define justice itself. Thrasymachus? assertion can be encapsulated in the phrase, ?Justice is the advantage of the stronger.? He believes that justice is unnaturally imposed upon humans and is contrary to their desires, as well as entirely unprofitable. In terms of external gain, Thrasymachus points out that the perfectly unjust will necessarily profit where the just will not because they will be unfettered by a notion of morality. Perfect injustice will allow one to a cquire more money, power, status, etc. at the expense of the unjust. This follows the basic Sophist idea that no such thing as morality really existed, but only what was advantageous or disadvantageous to a person. It stands to reason, then, that if a man were to be faced with cheating his way into greater profit or honestly gaining less, the unjust path would make more logic sense. The intrinsic value of injustice, Thrasymachus thinks, is also far greater than that of justice. A person who is able to gain money and power, even through disreputable means, will be happier as a result having the spoils of his injustice to enjoy. Though Thrasymachus? confidence is deceiving, there are considerable flaws in his ad hominem argument, specifically the wording and his fluctuating and interchangeable definitions of ?justice? and ?injustice.? Socrates wastes no time cleverly evaluating the statements of Thrasymachus and then using them for his own benefit to prove that justice has significant worth and necessity. One of the most important things to note about the argument posed by Thrasymachus is his attempt to use rhetoric instead of logic. It is even noted in ?Book I? that Thrasymachus is equating justice with injustice. Likening opposites to make a point is clearly the weaker strategy as it doesn?t actually make sense, and this is something Socrates must work around, as he is objecting to the idea the justice is the advantage of the stronger. Rhetoric aside, the first objection by Socrates lies in human fallibility. Because all humans are fallible (and this can not be disputed by even Thrasymachus) an unjust person would eventually make a mistake that may undermine his own success. For instance, an unjust man might kill someone he suspected to be an enemy and that man actually could have been an ally; this would be a mistake that could ultimately reduce the unjust man?s power. Socrates second objection is

Plitical sciencePeriod effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Answer the Questions HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

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Improving Organisational Performance Assignment - 1

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General Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

General Motors - Essay Example During the duration of its existence, General Motors has engaged in the production of models that target specifically the baby boomers generation. This constitutes of a younger generation who are aggressive bout simple, stylish models that go with fashion. Latest statistical analysis points out that the company has targeted customers in mid 20 who accounts for almost 50% revenue returns from the sale of vehicles (GM, 2014).Economic analysisGeneral motors’ has played a considerable role to the development of the United States and a global economy. Based on the national financial reports of the United States, the company has contributed a higher percentage of economic development for a longer duration since its launching into operation. Not only to the United States, has General Motors’ also had a huge economic impact in its areas of operations. In essence, the organization has triggered operations of the other industries such as aluminum and textile that supply raw mater ials to the industry. In addition, the company has also created job opportunities both directly and indirectly to a significant number of populations.Political//legalWith influence from both the government and members of the public, the company has constantly implemented different policies to harmonize mutual coexistence of all members of the society with customers invoking dominance on to the progress of the business. With the current trend in modern life, most members of the society associate status of life with the car the person drives.

Team goal and team member characteristics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team goal and team member characteristics - Essay Example From a psychological and moral perspective, individualism is the concept that people should think, act and judge things autonomously following their conscience. As members of the British Triathlon team, they have an obligation to fulfill. This obligation needs team members to offer high level of individual independence and accountability and providing them with a chance to follow their initiative and desire. Individualism comes with personal responsibility. The three members of the British Triathlon team have demonstrated the art of being responsible. Personal responsibility shows ones wisdom and maturity. Having the right attitude helps in avoiding the creation of unnecessary problems in life. There are situations when difficulties happen out of one’s control. Sometimes, this is usually unavoidable but with personal responsibility, one is likely to optimistically pounce back and respond (Pritchett 33). Teamwork is evident in the British Triathlon team in that members interact freely and share their experiences about the game. They have established a productive environment, which allows team members development of interpersonal skills that fosters partnership and collaboration rather than rivalry and competition. Diversity in the British Triathlon comes into play when people from different backgrounds in terms of culture and skills are in the same working environment. Diversity will encompass gender, race, ethnicity, age, personality, and educational background. The British Triathlon team took advantage of diversity by incorporating their coach Malcolm Brown. This has enabled them to achieve cohesive in the workplace and achieve set goals. Alistair and Jonathan embraced diversity in the sense that since Malcolm Brown was introduced as a coach; they have cooperated and worked as a team in order to meet their goals. To ensure Smooth Corporation of team members, they have

General Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

General Motors - Essay Example During the duration of its existence, General Motors has engaged in the production of models that target specifically the baby boomers generation. This constitutes of a younger generation who are aggressive bout simple, stylish models that go with fashion. Latest statistical analysis points out that the company has targeted customers in mid 20 who accounts for almost 50% revenue returns from the sale of vehicles (GM, 2014).Economic analysisGeneral motors’ has played a considerable role to the development of the United States and a global economy. Based on the national financial reports of the United States, the company has contributed a higher percentage of economic development for a longer duration since its launching into operation. Not only to the United States, has General Motors’ also had a huge economic impact in its areas of operations. In essence, the organization has triggered operations of the other industries such as aluminum and textile that supply raw mater ials to the industry. In addition, the company has also created job opportunities both directly and indirectly to a significant number of populations.Political//legalWith influence from both the government and members of the public, the company has constantly implemented different policies to harmonize mutual coexistence of all members of the society with customers invoking dominance on to the progress of the business. With the current trend in modern life, most members of the society associate status of life with the car the person drives.

Article Review Essay Example for Free

Article Review Essay The article, School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Explanation of Interventions, written by Whiston, S., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., and Eder, K. is research done to show if certain interventions and techniques used by school counselors are effective. The article discussed two types of studies, one with controlled comparisons and another involving pre and posttest differences. The article began with the history of counseling and the model counselors are using. Campbell and Dahir’s (as cited in Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, Eder, 2011), â€Å"specified that school counselors should coordinate a program that facilitates academic, career, and personal social development†. Many schools and counselors have been following Gysber’s and Henderson’s model which has four program components supported by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA). They include guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. There has been limited research done on these components to conclude if the interventions are effective. â€Å"A major problem with the reviews of school counseling is that they are not able to indicate the degree to which school counseling interventions influence student outcome† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, Eder (2011). In the article there were some major strengths and gains. There was evidence that specific interventions work with certain groups. The research also supports the need for school counselor to be more involved with all students, since there is a positive effect when students have been working with a guidance counselor. Yet, we still need more  research in the elementary level to see how we can support the younger students more effectively. There were also some major limitations noted about the study. This included not having enough supported information on how the interventions or treatments were conducted, missing valuable information, not having reliable standardized assessments, not following up to see how the interventions helped, and the study was done with only specific interventions. They also concluded that there were specific gains in certain areas, but could not identify how they got those results. The conclusions of the studies indicate that students who receive services from a counselor scored higher on standardized test. Counseling also helped with discipline, problem solving, and career knowledge compared to students not receiving any interventions. This shows the importance of having a school counselor and the role they play in making a difference in the lives they touch. Both studies indicated the â€Å"effectiveness of a balance approach to school counseling that provides a guidance curriculum to all students and responsive services that respond to students’ issues† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, Eder, 2011). In this study we can see how important a school counselor is to students facing difficult issues. It is noted how some interventions can help a student be successful with academics, social interactions, and behavior. After reading this article I can see how effective counseling can be for all students. As an elementary teacher I will try to use a strategic comprehensive guidance program and data to guide my instruction. Using information from teachers, parents and administration I can plan my lessons to better meet the needs of students. Following up with students and keeping data on interventions will be a priority. References: Whiston, S. C., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., Eder, K. (2011). School counseling outcome: A meta†analytic examination of interventions. Journal Of Counseling Development, 89(1), 37-55. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00059.x

Chinas Logistics Industry

Chinas Logistics Industry Abstract The aim of this paper is to introduce development of China logistics industry in last decade. This paper examines problems during the development and the implementations to further develop China logistics industry in the future. The first part of this paper introduces the background of China logistics industry, problem statement and research objective. The measurements of development of China logistics industry are as dependent variables discussed in Chapter four. The second part talks about literature review for logistics, 3 elements in development of China logistics industry which are cost, productivity and expansion. Also, factors that affect development of China logistics industry are given which are transportation, governments regulation, warehousing and storage, IT supporting and infrastructure. Chapter three looks at research methodology which contains source of data, method of data analysis, questionnaire and interview. The theoretical framework shows the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. Chapter four is mainly focuses on data analysis; the results are shown to indicate the main factors that limit the development of China logistics industry. Finally, the chapter five gives the conclusion and recommendation to solve the problems that effect development of China logistics industry that is integrated information technology to reduce transportation cost. KEYWORDS: logistics, cost, information technology, transportation. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of Study With the increase of the global competition and the rapid development of the Information Technology (IT), the logistics industry has become one of the most important industries in the 21st century. The scope and role of logistics have changed dramatically over recent years. In the past, logistics has played a supportive role to primary functions such as marketing and manufacturing. Now the scope of logistics has expanded beyond its traditional coverage of transportation and warehousing activities to include purchasing, distribution, inventory management, packaging, manufacturing and customer service. More importantly, logistics has dramatically evolved from a supportive role characterized and cost absorbing to a primary role and become an important of competitive advantage. Companies experiencing growing pressure to reduce costs and provide better service so that they engage in improving the logistics by outsourcing/expansion, an option that can improve both efficiency and effectiven ess. Modern theory of logistics in China was introduction in 1980s to pilot program of logistic and distribution centres built-up in early 1990s and then evolved into full-fledged industry by the end of 1990s. Since its economic reform and opening up in 1978, Chinas economy keeps booming, with an annual GDP growth rate of nearly 10 percent which has become a global manufacturing centre with its high economic growth rate (Wang et al. 2006). In 2001, a condition for China to become a full member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) was the removal of restrictions to foreign logistics investments. At the beginning, foreign capital was allowed only in form of joint ventures where Chinese partner held a majority (Goh and Ling, 2003). At the end of 2005, the restrictions were completely phased out. At present, state-owned, privately/locally owned, and foreign owned logistics companies are all equally allowed to enter and compete in logistics industry in China. Chinas logistic industry has been experiencing fast growth driven with the help of sustainable national economic expansion. Although there are tremendous opportunities, still the intense competition exists, especially after 2001. The logistics industry reported an annual growth rate of 31% in 1999, 35% in 2000, and 55% in 2001, and was expected to continue to expand rapidly in the future (Business knowledge on demand, 2007). According to Exhibit 1, the average annual growth rate of the logistics industry in China was 22.2%, and logistics expenditures accounted for about 21.8% of the GDP between 1992 and 2004 (business knowledge on demand, 2007). This sector has been developed in a physically sound way under improved infrastructure and external environment. According to Asia consulting, Added value has reached to RMB 1.4 trillion in 2006 up 13.9% over 2005. The transportation fee has been RMB 2.1 trillion increasing 12.1 %. The increase can be seen in inventory and delivery service along with 16.7% of warehousing fe es. It is expected that Chinas logistics market value will reach RMB1.1972 trillion, and will continue to maintain an annual growth of 20% in 2010. 1.2 Total Logistics Market Size The GDP of China is above RMB 10 trillion by the first time in 2002 that achieved a real growth of 8%. In the 10th Five-year Plan, the government is forecasting an average growth rate 7% per annum in 2002-2007. According to the forecasts by State Development Planning Commission (SDPC), the GDP will be quadruple, about US$4.3 Trillion by 2020. The price level will be stable because of higher price pressure within the economy. In a detailed survey by the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing (CFLP), the total logistics market was estimated at RMB1, 788 billion, 20% of the GDP in 2000. In 2002, it was estimated that the total logistics market of China were about RMB 2 trillion. Though the economy was expanding in 7%, logistics expenses were going to increase in a slower rate. It was because there is sufficient supply of logistics capacity such as trucks, warehouses and other fixed assets. Government registration shows 700,000 logistics service providers are operating. On the othe r hand, improving logistics efficiency also reduces its proportion to the GDP. A moderate rate of 4.0%-4.9% growth is estimated in the coming five years. According to HK Trade Development Council, leading logistics companies in China such as UPS, FedEx and DHL-Sinotrans have all recorded annual growths in over 30% on operations in China and there are more outsourcing contributes to the growth of professional logistics firms. Moreover, as competition increases, it is expected that market share is shifting from local companies to foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) or local giants, who can offer more efficient services in lower fees.(LI FUNG, 2003) 1.3 Players in the China Logistics Market Chinas logistics market is fragmented, characterized by tens of thousands of logistics companies and many of them are small, poorly organized with fundamental infrastructure and technology. A vast majority of the players are lack of nationwide capabilities and serve a narrow customer base; and mainly focus on simple transportation and storage functions. Competition is fierce, particularly in the low-end market. Traditionally, Chinas logistics market is dominated by the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) which provide 90% of the logistics services, but none of these has a market share over 2%. 1.31 State-Owned Players There are many state-owned players in China logistics market. Prior to 1980, under economic conditions in that time, Chinas logistics business could only be managed by state-owned enterprises and logistics was a monopoly industry, mostly for transpiration and warehousing. The characteristics of their management mode are small-scale native enterprises, slow product renovation, poor management, production plans following from various government agencies, etc. Due to government investment and monopolistic operation, these enterprises acquired large assets and became relatively large-scale business firms. Relying on their sufficiency capital and existing market share, in the past several years these enterprises rapidly became leaders in China logistics industry. However, due to the monopolistic nature of the industry and the separated management system, it will take time for these logistics firms to become truly comprehensive. The following is a list of todays relatively powerful state-o wned backbone logistics enterprises that operate nationwide: China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO); China Railway Express Company Limited (CREC); China Post Logistics Company Limited (CPLC); China Railway Container Transport Company Limited (CRCTC), etc. COSCO Logistics COSCO Logistics is a branch of COSCO, China Ocean Shipping Company. It was formed in 2002. Because of the parent companys network and infrastructure, in 2004 to 2008 it ranked number 1 in China in terms of comprehensive logistics capacities. COSCO Logistics has 300 logistics facilities, covering 90% of the China market and the service is strongly marine transport related. 1.32 Private Players Since the mid-1990s, Chinas private domestic logistics enterprises started to develop themselves. For example: EAS International Transportation Ltd (Shanghai). This company was founded in 1985 and it involves international business. In the past twenty years, EAS has gained notable achievement in building the unique operation platform to development modern logistics business according to the demand of customers. There are many other private domestic logistics companies in China, such as St-Anda, PGL, China Overseas logistics and so on. They are all medium-size Chinese logistics provides emerged in the last 10-20 years. These firms have enjoyed the fastest growth in the market due to their light-asset nature and high efficiency. They are more focused on geographies, service and customers. But they have problems in lacking sufficient financial support for market expansion and internal management mechanisms and effective organization to support high growth and profitability. (Fu Qinqin, 2007) 1.33 International Logistics Players(ILCs) Although the domestic companies dominate the general China logistics market, ILCs are playing a more important role, and their market shares are increasing rapidly. Among which the most important are the four giant ILCs that started with parcel and courier services. The international logistics players are: DHL, TNT, UPS, FedEx and so on. Deutsche Post World Net/DHL Deutsche Post World Net (DPWN) has a uniformed brand and image for its logistics, courier and parcel, and transport service; that is DHL. DHL first entered China in 1981. In 1986, it formed a joint venture with Sinotrans in courier and parcel delivery. Mainly because of this earliest partnership, DHL-Sinotrans has the biggest market share in courier service. Both parties enjoy a very fruitful partnership. For this reason, in 2002 when the first partnership ended, DHL and Sinotrans renewed the cooperation agreement for another 50 years, till the year of 2052. In May 2004, DHL initiated its domestic delivery of parcels in China, and again, DHL led the market. In the courier and parcel delivery market, the partnership between DHL and Sinotrans is the most stable. In the past twenty years, DHL has invested about $215 million in China. Out of its total investment of $1.1 billion in Asia, that was only about 20% of DHLs investment in Asia. However, DHL plan to invest about $273 millions in China from 2004-2008, or almost 2/3 of its $400 million investment in Asia over the same period. Clearly, the investment is heating up in the China logistics market. (Xuepin Cen, 2005) Nowadays, many foreign logistics companies have established good cooperation relations with Chinese logistics firms by using joint ventures. The advantage foreign companies have competitive advantage in technology and management, but only when they are combined with experiences and existing service network of Chinese enterprises that they could be brought into full play. Therefore, some Chinese logistics companies usually face Merge and acquisition (MA) risk. A number of foreign companies that have never touched on the Chinese market patiently search for Chinese companies for cooperation projects. Many inland Chinese cities promise many commercial opportunities in the logistics sector, and it needs time for foreign companies to fully penetrate into the Chinese market. However, for foreign logistics companies they are being challenged by infrastructure and customer base and of lack of on-the-ground capabilities in China. 1.34 Third Party Logistics companies (TPLs) Chinas market for TPL is still in its early stage. Also, TPL is a relative new concept for most of the Chinese companies. A TPL company normally provides process-base services rather than a function-base logistics service, which generally toward to the integration and full control of a part or whole process of customers logistics network. The rationale for outsourcing logistics is to achieve cost saving through economics of scale. Small or middle sized companies may not always have economics of scale to economically manage logistics operation, but this is precisely one of the advantages for third-party logistics companies. The year of 2006 is the first year of Chinas 11th Five-Year Plan (2006~2010), and is also the first year when logistics is opened up completely. From the year of 2006 to 2010, the basic frame and main functions of Chinas southern international logistics centre will come into being. The proportion of logistics cost in GDP will decrease more than 3%. The third party logistics will share up to 23% in the logistics market.(Fu Qinqin, 2007) 1.4 Major modes of Transport The first few years of the 21st century have been characterized by the rapid construction of transport infrastructure in China. During the five-year plan from 2001 to2005, transport infrastructure has been built significantly including 250,000 kilometres of highways and 24,700 kilometres of expressways. By the end of 2006, the total length Chinese highway has reached 3,457,000 kilometres and 77,000 kilometres of railways (Waters, 2007). The current five-year plan (2006-2010) has an ambitious agenda and will spend hundreds of billions of dollars over the next five years to develop Chinas roads, river ports, and railroads. (Richard Brubaker,2005 ) 1.41 Ports According to Richard Brubaker, (2005) since the central government opened Chinese ports to overseas investment in March of 2002, Chinese Port facilities have received massive amounts of investment and have taken huge steps towards significantly increasing capacity. In 2003, the total investment in Chinese port development and construction was US$2.2 billion, and in 2004, the Ministry of Communication has reported this figure was to reach nearly US$4.3 billion in 2004. Currently, Chinas coastal cities like Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Ningbo, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, are all competing to complete new berths and establish themselves as dominant regional logistics centres. (Exhibit 2) In Shanghai for example, container throughput of 11.28 million Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) for 2003 is expected to increase to 14.5million TEUs in 2004, with massive expansion already underway. In addition to expansion that will add more than 2m TEUs of capacity in 2005, Shanghais massive Yan gshan deepwater terminal is also under construction and will eventually handle 25m TEUs at a cost of â‚ ¬1.5bn. Although such massive investment and expansion, the improvements brought by increasing use of foreign terminal operators, Chinese ports still need to keep up with increasing demand. 1.42 Road Benefit from government heavy investment and the unreliability of other options for instance rail and inland water, road transport becomes most popular choice for the inland distribution of goods in China. Beijing has already emphasised on a plan to double Chinas expressway mileage. (Richard Brubaker,2005) By 2005, as Chinas new inter-provincial highway system nears completion, almost 200,000 km of new roads will bring the national total to roughly 1.5 million km. Among the most significant of these developments, Shanghai-Chengdu Highway and Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway are the most arresting plan. Because most of Chinas highways are financed using a fixed return toll based system, tolls account for roughly 20% of costs faced by long distance trucking operators and create huge incentives to overload trucks. Nearly 75% of Chinas more than 100,000 traffic fatalities per year have been attributed to overloaded trucks. These deaths have led to new road safety laws, which if observed, could have significant implications for the efficiency and the costs of trucking operations where trucks are overloaded on average by 30% and often by 50%. However, at present the trucking industry in China remains extremely fragmented and is not organized on a national basis. The largest of the nearly 3 million trucking service providers in China is Sinotrans, with a registered fleet of 3,000 trucks specializing in long-distance service. Short-distance trucking services in China are generally provided by local operators who offer relatively cost effective and competitive services. In spite of national policies, this separation between local and long distance trucking operators is in part due to efforts by local and city authorities to protect local businesses. By the end of 2004, Chinas WTO commitments require that Chinas trucking sector be fully opened to foreign firms. Experts said that current market fragmentation and the benefits of newly expanded infrastructure make the trucking sec tor particularly attractive for consolidation and foreign investment. 1.43 Rail According to Richard Brubaker, (2005) Chinas Railway infrastructure has received relatively low levels of investment compared with Chinas road and port infrastructure. The Ministry of Railways has relatively modest plans to increase Chinas existing rail network from 72,000 km to 100,000 km in 2020. Use of the Chinese rail system increased 6% year on year between January of 2003 and January of 2004, though it would appear that this relatively modest increase can be less attributed to weak demand than the limitations posed by serious under capacity. Railway bottlenecks and the inability of the railway system to transport the requisite amounts of coal were in large part responsible for the power shortages of the summer of 2004. This has since led to the prioritization of coal shipments leaving other commodities and cargoes sitting on docks. Many importers, most notably Chinas steel mills have been struggling to find enough railcars to carry cargo and now often resort to barges and truck s at much greater cost. Poor handling practices, delays, unpredictable delivery times, bulk shipment requirements, theft, minimal shipment tracking, the lack of inter-modal facilities, and a general lack of infrastructure all plague the Chinese railways. However, despite these issues exist, the heavy subsidization still makes Chinas railway become the cheapest form of overland transport compare with shippers. 1.44 Inland Waterways Infrastructure on inland waterways, most significantly the Yangtze River, increased 8% between January 2003 and January 2004. (Richard Brubaker,2005) Rivers such as the Yangtze can handle ships of up to 6000 tonnes and are generally uncongested; however, canals and low bridges can be problematic and projects such as the recently completed 3 Gorges Dam can serve to prolong dry seasons and keep water levels low. 1.45 Air freight Although Chinas airfreight sector is constrained by inadequate infrastructure, its development has been rapid. China is the second-largest domestic airfreight market in the world after the United States. According to Boeings World Air Cargo Forecast, the market has grown at more than 20 percent annually since 1991. (Richard Brubaker,2005) Airports are seeing rapid expansion in three principal economic areas: the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Pearl River Delta (PRD), and the capital city of Beijing. Expansion in the PRD is very important that it threatens to cut into the volumes handled by Hong Kong, the worlds largest air cargo airport. But a large proportion of the goods exported from South China are routed through Hong Kong. Its position has been strengthened, moreover, by an agreement that allows Chinese airlines to expand their international services via Hong Kong and gives Hong Kong airlines greater access to the mainland. 1.46 Warehousing Most of Chinas warehousing facilities are older or old-style facilities with a range of associated issues. Many facilities do not have computerized stock supervision systems in place. Single and multi-story warehouse designs limit efficiency by preventing the use of multiple racking levels and by modern forklift trucks. Cross contamination is an issue as are unsealed loading platforms at refrigerated facilities, which expose food products to ambient air temperatures during loading and unloading. The shortage and shortcomings of existing facilities as well as the opening up of the Chinese warehousing under its WTO commitments by the end of 2005, have led to considerable investment and anticipation in this sector. (Richard Brubaker,2005 ) For example, in Shanghai, several foreign logistics services providers hoping to invest in the future and capitalize on preferential policies and proximity to port facilities (including APL Logistics, DHL and OOCL Logistics) have or are planning to es tablish massive logistics centres in Shanghais Waigaoqiao Logistics Park / Free Trade Zone. The park has been established as an international transit, delivery, sourcing and transhipment hub to promote and coordinate the development of Shanghais sea and air transport, warehousing and logistics industries. 1.5 Statements of the Problem 1.51 High Cost Since the late of 1990s, China has been aiming at fostering logistics industry and improving logistics management skills, for the huge manufacturing industries in China has driven logistics industry growing rapidly in recent years. With its imminent entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), China is embracing a big opportunity to develop its logistics industry, officials and experts noted. Zhang zhigang, deputy director of the State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC), said that: it is urgent that China reforms its old circulation system and speeds up the development of its logistics industry as China faces new challenges in the globalization process. But the high logistics cost nibble the competence of firms. According to the data released by Development Research Center of the State Council of PR China, Chinas logistics expenditures amounted to 20% of the GDP in 2000 whereas logistics spending accounted for 10.3% of United Statess GDP, 14% of Japans GDP, and 10 to 13% of Europ ean Unions GGP (Waters, 2007). The annual growth rate of total logistics expenditures is 10.29, 12.99, 16.76 and 12.86 percent from 2002 to 2005 (National Development and Reform Commission, 2004). Statistics published by China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing show that Chinas total logistics expenses reached RMB3.8414 trillion in 2006, up 13.5% year on year at current price, a growth 0.6 percentage points higher than in 2005. The rate of total logistics expense of GDP was 18.3%, 0.2 percentage points lower than in 2005. This is the mainly problem that slow down the development of China logistics industry. The total logistics cost encompasses transportation, inventory storage and management. In 2007, the total logistics cost increased by 18.2% to 4540.6 billion yuan. The total logistics cost in China generally includes three cost components, namely, transportation, inventory storage and management cost. According to Exhibit 3, it is clear that the total logistics cost increased rapidly during 1991-98, since then the growth started levelling off. In 2004, the total cost amounted to 2911.4 billion yuan (US$ 352 billion), grew by 16.6%. Of this total, transportation cost made up the largest portion and witnessed the highest growth rate. Transportation cost was 1655.8 billion yuan (US$ 200 billion), accounting for 56.9% of the total logistics cost. On the other hand, inventory storage and management cost were 846.7 and 408.9 billion yuan (US$ 102 billion and US$ 49 billion), accounting for 29.1% and 14% of the total logistics cost respectively (US$ 15.7 billion). Adding the costs of packing, transport, storage and damage, the ratio of total logistics costs to total industry production ranges from 40% to 60%, whereas in the United States this percentage is close to 20% (Smyrlis, 2006). If logistics costs are broken down, transport accounts for 57% of costs, inventory and storage accounts for 29%, and management accounts for 14% (Exhibit 4). Percentage wise, transport costs in China are twice as expensive as in developed countries (Wakers, 2007). 1.52 Low in productivity The ratio of total logistics cost to GDP represents the efficiency of logistics operation in the economy which means the productivity of logistics industry. It is also used as an indicator of the development level of the logistics industry. In general, the higher the percentage, the less efficient is the logistics industry. Exhibit 5 shows the total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP in the 10th Five-year Plan period (2000-2005). Despite the total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP has been on a downward trend that decreased from 19.4% in 2000 to 18.57% in 2005 and the total cost savings in the 10th Five-year Plan period totalled 109 billion yuan; according to exhibit 3, the logistics cost was still higher than that in US, Japan and developed countries which means lower inefficiency of China logistics industry. As predicted by the CFLP, the ratio of total logistics cost to GDP will continue higher that resulting inefficiency of modern logistics services. CFLP predicted that tot al logistics costs during the 11th Five-year Program period (2006-2010) will grow at 10% annually, 2% lower than that of the 10th Five-year Plan period. It also forecasted that the total logistics cost will reach 5,400 billion yuan in 2010, the ratio of total logistics cost to GDP at around 16.8% and cost savings yield during the period will be around 435 billion yuan. 1.53 Slowly expansion/outsourcing One of the most significant drivers of growth in the global logistics industry is the trend of mergers and acquisitions. Such buyouts and mergers enable logistics players to build up their infrastructure and service scale, both of which are critical to remaining competitive. By merging their operations and collaborating on technology, complementary services partners can also scale up their logistics capability without having to invest heavily in infrastructure. The result is lower cycle-time, streamlined business processes and lower manpower costs, which in turn boosts companies productivity and profitability. Although the giant logistics companies in China have overseas offices established from the 1980s and 1990s as their overseas branches to support their international transportation, their businesses are heavily dependent on agents. For example, Sinotrans has business in 200 countries, but there are only 40 overseas offices. The most international business is done via the agents. As Contrill claimed, dont expect a wave of Chinese 3PLs to land on Western shores soon. The pace of change in China is slow by Western standards and there is much to do in the home market. 1.6 Research objective The objective of this research is twofold. On one hand, the objective is: To understand the development of China logistics industry in last decades. On the other hand is to investigate the factors affect the development of China logistics industry and find the solutions to solve the current problems to further develop logistics industry in China. On meeting the two objectives this paper will develop a framework to address the factors that affect the development of China logistics industry. 1.7 Research questions There questions will be discussed in this article: 1: To introduce the development of logistics industry in China in last decade. 2: What are the factors that affect the development of China logistics industry? 3: How to solve the current problems to further develop logistics industry in China? 1.8 Significance of study This research would contribute by indicating and analyzing some of the problems that affect development of China logistics industry and this study was designed to answer some questions from perspectives of both the researcher and some practitioners. The theoretical framework was based on an extensive review of the literature on the various theoretical models of factors affect development China logistics industry. 1.9 Limitations of the research Because of time restriction (from September to November, 2009), this thesis will be finished within 3 months, I will cover the detail of logistics management (Transportation, Warehousing and IT supporting) as specific as possible. Because of the location of sampling in Shanghai, China, the searcher has to come to China but only around 1month, so time limited to the questionnaire distributing and receiving which cause low response rate. There are many problems that influence the development of logistics industry in China; in this paper, we only focus the above 5 main problems. Because of some companies are not public listed companies, it is difficult to find the financial data from the current annual reports released by these companies, so we may analyze these companies using the previous data (Eg: Annual Report in 2007) Some of questions are directly related to the internal strategy of company management, so managers are unwilling to answer. 1.10 Chapter Outline Chapter one Introduction: This provides the reader with background information of the study, which creates a pictorial flow of the main research. Research objectives, background of study, problems and significance as well as the limitations faced by the researcher are clearly stated in this chapter. Chapter two Literature review: This chapter explores relevant literature; it basically dealt with pertinent literature on problems of current China logistics industry with discussions on related research variables such as government policy and regulations, transportation cost, warehousing and storage, training/education/IT supporting and infrastructure. Chapter three Methodology and Data collection: This chapter describes the research design used to conduct this research. This chapter will further disclose the ways used in analyzing data collected, limitations of the methods used and how the data was collected. This section concludes with discussions of the data gathering techniques and the data analysis procedures that were used to answer the hypotheses and research questions. Chapter four Results and discussions: This chapter outlines results of data analysis, provides discussion of research findings and builds bridges between objectives, findings and relevant literature. The result section summarizes the analysis of the data and present findings of the study with respect to the hypothesis and research questions. While the discussion section reviews the findings of the study in the context of the conceptual framework of the study. Chapter five Conclusions and recommendations are provided in this chapter together with discussions on the contribution of the study to the body of knowledge. This chapter concludes the research and documents the implications of the study with recommendations for future research. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definition of logistics Logistic is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from their point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to custom